Transnationalism and Settlement of Latvian Emigrants in the Nordic Countries

Norway		Statistics N*	Sample N**	Statistics %	Sample %
Gender	Male	4685	221	60	41
	Female	3166	324	40	59
Age	15–24	1033	64	13	12
	25–34	3421	220	44	40
	35–54	3132	239	40	44
	55+	265	22	3	4
Total (15+)		7851	545	100	100
Sweden
Gender	Male	2202	145	41	38
	Female	3187	238	59	62
Age	15–24	826	44	15	11
	25–34	1904	145	35	38
	35–54	1742	151	32	39
	55+	917	43	17	11
Total (15+)		5389	383	100	100
Denmark
Gender	Male	1776	85	44	28
	Female	2231	221	56	72
Age	15–24	1295	93	32	30
	25–34	1620	127	40	42
	35–54	952	79	24	26
	55+	140	7	3	2
Total (15+)		4007	306	100	100
Finland
Gender	Male	566	52	43	33
	Female	756	105	57	67
Age	15–24	242	20	18	13
	25–34	486	48	37	31
	35–54	501	76	38	48
	55+	93	13	7	8
Total (15+)		1322	157	100	100

[i] * Statistics: Population as of 1 January 2014. Source: National statistical institutes.

** Survey sample: The Latvian emigrant survey organised from August to October 2014.

Table 2

Comparison of the statistics and the survey sample of Latvian emigrants: host countries, gender and age (2014).

Host country	Statistics N*	Sample N**	Statistics %	Sample %
Norway	7851	545	42	39
Sweden	5389	383	29	28
Denmark	4007	306	22	22
Finland	1322	157	7	11
Total	18,569	1391	100	100
Gender
Male	9229	503	50	36
Female	9340	888	50	64
Age
15–24	3396	221	18	16
25–34	7431	541	40	39
35–54	6327	545	34	39
55+	1415	84	8	6

[i] Note: * Statistics: Population as of 1 January 2014. Source: National statistical institutes.

** Survey sample: The Latvian emigrant survey organised from August to October 2014.

Table 3

Empirical measures of attachment to the host country and the country of origin (factor loadings).

Attachment to host country
Feel closer ties to host country (1_yes)	0,716
Feel affiliated with the people of the host country (1_yes)	0,706
Follow the news of the host country (1_yes, regularly)	0,652
Follow the culture of the host country (1_yes, regularly)	0,573
Have close friends among the natives in the host country (1_yes)	0,502
Know most people in the neighbourhood in the host country (1_yes)	0,461
Eigenvalue	2,229
Variance explained (%)	37%
Attachment to country of origin
Feel closer ties to Latvia (1_yes)	0,678
Feel affiliated with the Latvian people (1_yes)	0,617
Follow the Latvian culture (1_yes, regularly)	0,604
Follow the Latvian news (1_yes, regularly)	0,602
Visit Latvia at least every half year (1_yes)	0,522
Have close friends in Latvia (1_yes)	0,241
Eigenvalue	1,899
Variance explained (%)	32%

Table 4

Average degree of attachment to the host country and the country of origin by cluster.

	1 Bi-nationals (N = 397)	2 Separated (N = 410)	3 Footloose (N = 265)	4 Settlers (N = 319)
*Attachment to the country of destination*
Feel closer ties to the host country (%)	87	20	30	92
Feel affiliated with the people of the host country (%)	77	16	13	78
Follow the news of the host country (%)	83	26	23	76
Follow the culture of the host country (%)	50	3	2	28
Have close friends among the natives in the host country (%)	74	36	29	80
Know most people in the neighbourhood in the host country (%)	43	13	12	55
*Attachment to the country of origin*
Feel closer ties to Latvia (%)	92	94	39	34
Feel affiliated with the Latvian people (%)	83	85	28	23
Follow the Latvian culture (%)	51	31	3	6
Follow the Latvian news (%)	91	91	45	44
Visit Latvia at least every half year (%)	68	70	30	25
Have close friends in Latvia (%)	90	88	71	80

Summary of regression results: main determinants of cluster membership.

Table 5

Descriptive statistics of the dependent and independent variables (N = 1391).

	Total %	n	Norway %	Sweden %	Denmark %	Finland %
Bi-nationals	28	397	30	30	24	29
Separated	30	410	33	27	26	29
Footloose	19	265	18	18	24	16
Settlers	23	319	19	25	25	27
Age (16–90; mean 35.27)	35.27		35.70	37.73	30.54	37.02
Gender (1_female)	64	888	59	62	72	67
Norway	39	545
Sweden	28	383
Denmark	22	306
Finland	11	157
People with secondary education or lower	22	305	23	21	23	18
People with a professional education	23	321	27	20	20	22
People with a tertiary education	51	714	47	55	53	55
Highly skilled STEM	21	297	21	27	17	15
Have emigrated after 2008	66	914	72	59	66	60
Students	12	174	5	14	25	11
ISCO group unskilled workers	10	145	11	8	15	6
Plan to return in 5 years	20	282	24	17	17	19
Plan to return after retirement	21	296	27	18	18	18
Do not plan to return	19	265	14	22	21	25
Partner other (neither Latvian, nor Russian)	21	288	13	23	28	27
Migration motive: financial problems	13	188	18	12	10	10
Migration motive: the possibility to develop (to get a good education and/or build a career) (1_yes)	13	184	6	9	26	15
Migration motive: get married or started to live together with foreigner (1_yes)	11	158	7	20	12	13
Think, that the Latvian government is not interested in people like me	34	474	37	34	32	31

Table 6

Determinants of cluster membership: four logistic regression models.

	Bi-nationals		Separated		Footloose		Settlers
	B	Sig.	B	Sig.	B	Sig.	B	Sig.
Age	0.024	0.000	–0.006	0.391	–0.014	0.083	–0.010	0.165
Gender (1_female)	0.304	0.052	–0.556	0.000	–0.144	0.384	0.502	0.005
Norway	0.282	0.188	–0.157	0.491	0.029	0.910	–0.233	0.327
Sweden	0.019	0.933	–0.148	0.540	0.183	0.488	–0.104	0.667
Denmark	–0.176	0.460	–0.264	0.299	0.540	0.045	–0.110	0.666
People with secondary education	0.884	0.057	–0.163	0.661	–0.297	0.402	–0.315	0.396
People with a professional education	0.582	0.215	–0.107	0.777	–0.006	0.986	–0.428	0.255
People with a tertiary education	1.067	0.020	–0.114	0.757	–0.541	0.125	–0.444	0.221
Highly skilled STEM	–0.307	0.084	0.150	0.403	–0.123	0.539	0.309	0.114
Have emigrated after 2008	–0.227	0.117	0.497	0.002	0.508	0.003	–0.627	0.000
Students	0.322	0.111	0.091	0.679	–0.219	0.352	–0.297	0.213
ISCO group Unskilled workers	–0.467	0.054	0.408	0.057	–0.093	0.687	0.138	0.575
Plan to return in 5 years	–0.548	0.004	1.553	0.000	–0.405	0.039	–1.821	0.000
Plan to return after retirement	0.133	0.413	1.002	0.000	–0.536	0.008	–1.109	0.000
Do not plan to return	–0.517	0.004	–1.546	0.000	–0.046	0.813	1.114	0.000
Partner other (neither Latvian nor Russian)	0.348	0.046	–0.242	0.283	–0.331	0.138	–0.074	0.696
Migration motive: financial problems	0.004	0.985	–0.035	0.856	0.221	0.266	–0.275	0.233
Migration motive: the possibility to develop (to get a good education and/or build a career) (1_yes)	0.361	0.070	–0.080	0.719	–0.336	0.177	–0.052	0.818
Migration motive: get married or started to live together with foreigner (1_yes)	0.345	0.102	0.072	0.795	0.089	0.750	–0.611	0.014
Think, that Latvian government is not interested in people like me	–0.421	0.003	–0.102	0.480	0.251	0.090	0.375	0.012
Constant	–2.646	0.000	–0.858	0.094	–0.889	0.084	–0.193	0.699
Nagelkerke r-2	0.140		0.274		0.073		0.248