Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Attitudes Toward Muslims Among Majority Youth in Norway: Does Ethno-Religious Student Composition in Schools Matter? Cover

Attitudes Toward Muslims Among Majority Youth in Norway: Does Ethno-Religious Student Composition in Schools Matter?

Open Access
|Dec 2022

References

  1. Agirdag, O, Van Houtte, M and Van Avermaet, P. 2011. Why does the ethnic and socio-economic composition of schools influence math achievement? The role of sense of futility and futility culture. European Sociological Review, 28(3): 366378. DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcq070
  2. Alan, S, Duysak, E, Kubilay, E and Mumcu, I. 2021. Social Exclusion and Ethnic Segregation in Schools: The Role of Teachers’ Ethnic Prejudice. The Review of Economics and Statistics. CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP15784, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3784022. 145. DOI: 10.1162/rest_a_01111
  3. Alba, R. 2005. Bright vs. blurred boundaries: Second-generation assimilation and exclusion in France, Germany, and the United States. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28(1): 2049. DOI: 10.1080/0141987042000280003
  4. Allen, JP and Land, D. 1999. Attachment in adolescence. In: Cassidy, J and Shaver, PR (eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications. New York City: The Guilford Press. pp. 319335.
  5. Allport, GW. 1958. The nature of prejudice: Abridged. New York: Doubleday.
  6. Al Ramiah, A, Hewstone, M, Voci, A, Cairns, E and Hughes, J. 2013. It’s never too late for ‘us’ to meet ‘them’: Prior intergroup friendships moderate the impact of later intergroup friendships in educational settings. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(1): 5775. DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8279.2011.02054.x
  7. Altonji, JG and Mansfield, R. 2011. The role of family, school and community characteristics in inequality in education and labor market outcomes. In: Duncan, G and Murnane, R (eds.), Whither Opportunity: Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children’s Life Chances. New York: Russell Sage; Chicago: Spencer Found. pp. 33959.
  8. Bail, CA. 2008. The configuration of symbolic boundaries against immigrants in Europe. American Sociological Review, 73(1): 3759. DOI: 10.1177/000312240807300103
  9. Bekhuis, H, Ruiter, S and Coenders, M. 2013. Xenophobia among youngsters: The effect of inter-ethnic contact. European Sociological Review, 29(2): 229242. DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcr057
  10. Bentsen, BMA. 2022. Intergroup contact and negative attitudes towards immigrants among youth in Sweden: Individual and contextual factors. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 23(1): 243266. DOI: 10.1007/s12134-021-00837-x
  11. Bevelander, P and Otterbeck, J. 2010. Young people’s attitudes towards Muslims in Sweden. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 33(3): 404425. DOI: 10.1080/01419870802346048
  12. Blalock, HM. 1967. Toward a theory of minority-group relations. New York: Wiley.
  13. Blumer, H. 1958. Race prejudice as a sense of group position. Pacific Sociological Review, 1(1): 37. DOI: 10.2307/1388607
  14. Brandén, M, Birkelund, GE and Szulkin, R. 2018. Ethnic composition of schools and students’ educational outcomes: Evidence from Sweden. International Migration Review, 53(2): 486517. DOI: 10.1177/0197918318769314
  15. Bratt, C. 2002. Contact and attitudes between ethnic groups: A survey-based study of adolescents in Norway. Acta Sociologica, 45(2): 107125. DOI: 10.1177/000169930204500203
  16. Brochmann, G and Djuve, AB. 2013. Multiculturalism or assimilation? The Norwegian welfare state approach. In: Kivisto, P and Wahlbeck, Ö (eds.), Debating multiculturalism in the Nordic welfare states. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 219245. DOI: 10.1057/9781137318459_9
  17. Bubritzki, S, van Tubergen, F, Weesie, J, et al. 2018. Ethnic composition of the school class and interethnic attitudes: A multi-group perspective. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(3): 482502. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2017.1322501
  18. Burgess, S and Platt, L. 2021. Inter-ethnic relations of teenagers in England’s schools: The role of school and neighbourhood ethnic composition. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(9): 20112038. DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2020.1717937
  19. Coenders, M, Lubbers, M and Scheepers, P. 2005. Majorities’ attitudes towards minorities in European Union member states: Results from the Standard Eurobarometer 1997–2000–2003. In: Coenders, M, Lubbers, M and Scheepers, P (eds.), Majority Populations’ Attitudes towards Migrants and Minorities. Vienna: European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia. pp. 279320.
  20. Coleman, JS. 1961. The Adolescent Society: The Social Life of the Teenager and its Impact on Education. New York: Free Press of Glencoe.
  21. Crandall, CS, Eshleman, A and O’Brien, L. 2002. Social norms and the expression and suppression of prejudice: The struggle for internalization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(3): 359378. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.3.359
  22. Denessen, E, Driessena, G and Sleegers, P. 2005. Segregation by choice? A study of group-specific reasons for school choice. Journal of Education Policy, 20(3): 347368. DOI: 10.1080/02680930500108981
  23. Dixon, JC. 2006. The ties that bind and those that don’t: Toward reconciling group threat and contact theories of prejudice. Social Forces, 84(4): 21792204. DOI: 10.1353/sof.2006.0085
  24. Emerson, MO, Kimbro, RT and Yancey, G. 2002. Contact theory extended: The effects of prior racial contact on current social ties. Social Science Quarterly, 83(3): 745761. DOI: 10.1111/1540-6237.00112
  25. Finseraas, H and Kotsadam, A. 2017. Does personal contact with ethnic minorities affect anti-immigrant sentiments? Evidence from a field experiment. European Journal of Political Research, 56(3): 703722. DOI: 10.1111/1475-6765.12199
  26. Fox, C. 2004. The changing color of welfare? How Whites’ attitudes toward Latinos influence support for welfare. American Journal of Sociology, 110(3): 580625. DOI: 10.1086/422587
  27. Francis, LJ, McKenna, U and Arweck, E. 2020. Countering anti-Muslim attitudes among Christian and religiously unaffiliated 13- to 15-year-old students in England and Wales: Testing the contact hypothesis. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 41(3): 342357. DOI: 10.1080/13617672.2019.1653062
  28. Friberg, JH. 2016. New Patterns of Labour Migration from Central and Eastern Europe and its Impact on Labour Markets and Institutions in Norway: Reviewing the Evidence. In: Dølvik, JE and Eldring, L (eds.), Labour Mobility in the Enlarged Single European Market. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. pp. 1943. DOI: 10.1108/S0195-631020160000032002
  29. Friberg, JH. 2019. Does selective acculturation work? Cultural orientations, educational aspirations and school effort among children of immigrants in Norway. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(15): 28442863. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2019.1602471
  30. Hackett, C, Stonawski, M, Potančoková, M, Connor, P, Shi, AF, Kramer, S and Marshall, J. 2019. Projections of Europe’s growing Muslim population under three migration scenarios. Journal of Religion and Demography, 6(1): 87122. DOI: 10.1163/2589742X-00601002
  31. Hansen, MN. 2005. Ulikhet i Osloskolen: rekruttering og segregering. Tidsskrift for ungdomsforskning, 5(1): 326.
  32. Henry, P and Sears, DO. 2009. The crystallization of contemporary racial prejudice across the lifespan. Political Psychology, 30(4): 569590. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00715.x
  33. Hermansen, AS and Birkelund, GE. 2015. The impact of immigrant classmates on educational outcomes. Social Forces, 94(2): 615646. DOI: 10.1093/sf/sov073
  34. Hermansen, AS, Borgen, NT and Mastekaasa, A. 2020. Long-term trends in adult socio-economic resemblance between former schoolmates and neighbouring children. European Sociological Review, 36(3): 366380. DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcz066
  35. Hjerm, M. 2009. Anti-immigrant attitudes and cross-municipal variation in the proportion of immigrants. Acta Sociologica, 52(1): 4762. DOI: 10.1177/0001699308100633
  36. Hjerm, M and Nagayoshi, K. 2011. The composition of the minority population as a threat: Can real economic and cultural threats explain xenophobia? International Sociology, 26(6): 815843. DOI: 10.1177/0268580910394004
  37. Hjern, A, Rajmil, L, Bergström, M, et al. 2013. Migrant density and well-being—A national school survey of 15-year-olds in Sweden. The European Journal of Public Health, 23(5): 823828. DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckt106
  38. Hoffmann, C and Moe, V. 2017. Holdninger til jøder og muslimer i Norge 2017: Befolkningsundersøkelse og minoritetsstudie. Oslo: Senter for studier av Holocaust og livssynsminoriteter.
  39. Janmaat, JG. 2014. Do ethnically mixed classrooms promote inclusive attitudes towards immigrants everywhere? A study among native adolescents in 14 countries. European Sociological Review, 30(6): 810822. DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcu075
  40. Kanas, A, Scheepers, P and Sterkens, C. 2017. Positive and negative contact and attitudes towards the religious out-group: Testing the contact hypothesis in conflict and non-conflict regions of Indonesia and the Philippines. Social Science Research, 63: 95110. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.09.019
  41. Karsten, S, Felix, C, Ledoux, G, et al. 2006. Choosing segregation or integration? The extent and effects of ethnic segregation in Dutch cities. Education and Urban Society, 38(2): 228247. DOI: 10.1177/0013124505282606
  42. Krosnick, JA and Alwin, DF. 1989. Aging and susceptibility to attitude change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(3): 416425. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.3.416
  43. Kunovich, RM. 2004. Social structural position and prejudice: An exploration of cross-national differences in regression slopes. Social Science Research, 33(1): 2044. DOI: 10.1016/S0049-089X(03)00037-1
  44. McLaren, LM. 2003. Anti-immigrant prejudice in Europe: Contact, threat perception, and preferences for the exclusion of migrants. Social Forces, 81(3): 909936. DOI: 10.1353/sof.2003.0038
  45. Moody, J. 2001. Race, school integration, and friendship segregation in America. American Journal of Sociology, 107(3): 679716. DOI: 10.1086/338954
  46. Moors, G. 2008. Exploring the effect of a middle response category on response style in attitude measurement. Quality & Quantity, 42(6): 779794. DOI: 10.1007/s11135-006-9067-x
  47. Østby, L and Dalgard, AB. 2017. Det religiøse mangfoldet: 4 prosent muslimer i Norge. Oslo: Samfunnsspeilet.
  48. Pettigrew, TF and Tropp, LR. 2006. A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5): 751. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
  49. Pettigrew, TF and Tropp. LR. 2008. How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(6): 922934. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.504
  50. Ponce, A. 2018. Excluding Europe’s Muslims: Symbolic boundaries and anti-immigrant attitudes along a racial–ethnic hierarchy. Humanity & Society. DOI: 10.1177/0160597618814884
  51. Quillian, L. 1995. Prejudice as a response to perceived group threat: Population composition and anti-immigrant and racial prejudice in Europe. American Sociological Review, 60(4): 586611. DOI: 10.2307/2096296
  52. Quillian, L and Campbell, ME. 2003. Beyond black and white: The present and future of multiracial friendship segregation. American Sociological Review, 68(4): 540566. DOI: 10.2307/1519738
  53. Rekker, R, Keijsers, L, Branje, S, et al. 2015. Political attitudes in adolescence and emerging adulthood: Developmental changes in mean level, polarization, rank-order stability, and correlates. Journal of Adolescence, 41: 136147. DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.03.011
  54. Roy, O. 2004. Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah. New York: Columbia University Press.
  55. Sacerdote, B. 2011. Peer effects in education: How might they work, how big are they and how much do we know thus far? In Handbook of the Economics of Education, 249277. Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53429-3.00004-1
  56. Savelkoul, M, Scheepers, P, Tolsma, J, et al. 2010. Anti-Muslim attitudes in the Netherlands: Tests of contradictory hypotheses derived from ethnic competition theory and intergroup contact theory. European Sociological Review, 27(6): 741758. DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcq035
  57. Schäfer, SJ, Kauff, M, Prati, F, et al. 2021. Does negative contact undermine attempts to improve intergroup relations? Deepening the understanding of negative contact and its consequences for intergroup contact research and interventions. Journal of Social Issues, 77(1): 197216. DOI: 10.1111/josi.12422
  58. Scheepers, P, Gijsberts, M and Coenders, M. 2002. Ethnic exclusionism in European countries. Public opposition to civil rights for legal migrants as a response to perceived ethnic threat. European Sociological Review, 18(1): 1734. DOI: 10.1093/esr/18.1.17
  59. Schlueter, E, Masso, A and Davidov, E. 2020. What factors explain anti-Muslim prejudice? An assessment of the effects of Muslim population size, institutional characteristics and immigration-related media claims. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(3): 649664. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2018.1550160
  60. Schneider, SL. 2008. Anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe: Outgroup size and perceived ethnic threat. European Sociological Review, 24(1): 5367. DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcm034
  61. Semyonov, M and Glikman, A. 2009. Ethnic residential segregation, social contacts, and anti-minority attitudes in European societies. European Sociological Review, 25(6): 693708. DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcn075
  62. Smith, S, Van Tubergen, F, Maas, I, et al. 2016. Ethnic composition and friendship segregation: Differential effects for adolescent natives and immigrants. AJS 121(4): 12231272. DOI: 10.1086/684032
  63. Söderström, M and Uusitalo, R. 2010. School choice and segregation: Evidence from an admission reform. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 112(1): 5576. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9442.2009.01594.x
  64. Stark, TH, Mas, M and Flache, A. 2015. Liking and disliking minority-group classmates: Explaining the mixed findings for the influence of ethnic classroom composition on interethnic attitudes. Social Science Research, 50: 164176. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.11.008
  65. Strabac, Z, Aalberg, T and Valenta, M. 2014. Attitudes towards Muslim immigrants: Evidence from survey experiments across four countries. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40(1): 100118. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2013.831542
  66. Strabac, Z and Valenta, M. 2013. Attitudes toward Muslims in Norway. In: Helbling, M (ed.), Islamophobia in the West. London: Routledge, pp.7083. DOI: 10.4324/9780203841730-12
  67. Thijs, J and Verkuyten, M. 2014. School ethnic diversity and students’ interethnic relations. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(1): 121. DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12032
  68. Vedder, P, Wenink, E and van Geel, M. 2016. Explaining negative outgroup attitudes between native Dutch and Muslim youth in The Netherlands using the integrated threat theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 53: 5464. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.05.001
  69. Velasco González, K, Verkuyten, M, Weesie, J, et al. 2008. Prejudice towards Muslims in the Netherlands: Testing integrated threat theory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(4): 667685. DOI: 10.1348/014466608X284443
  70. Verkuyten, M and Thijs, J. 2010. Religious group relations among Christian, Muslim and nonreligious early adolescents in the Netherlands. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 30(1): 2749. DOI: 10.1177/0272431609342984
  71. Vermeij, L, Van Duijn, MA and Baerveldt, C. 2009. Ethnic segregation in context: Social discrimination among native Dutch pupils and their ethnic minority classmates. Social Networks, 31(4): 230239. DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2009.06.002
  72. Vervoort, MH, Scholte, RH and Scheepers, PL. 2011. Ethnic composition of school classes, majority–minority friendships, and adolescents’ intergroup attitudes in the Netherlands. Journal of Adolescence, 34(2): 257267. DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.05.005
  73. Vezzali, L, Giovannini, D and Capozza, D. 2012. Social antecedents of children’s implicit prejudice: Direct contact, extended contact, explicit and implicit teachers’ prejudice. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(5): 569581. DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2011.631298
  74. Vitoroulis, I, Brittain, H and Vaillancourt, T. 2016. School ethnic composition and bullying in Canadian schools. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 40(5): 431441. DOI: 10.1177/0165025415603490
  75. Wagner, U, Christ, O, Pettigrew, TF, et al. 2006. Prejudice and minority proportion: Contact instead of threat effects. Social Psychology Quarterly, 69(4): 380390. DOI: 10.1177/019027250606900406
  76. Walsh, SD, De Clercq, B, Molcho, M, et al. 2016. The relationship between immigrant school composition, classmate support and involvement in physical fighting and bullying among adolescent immigrants and non-immigrants in 11 countries. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(1): 116. DOI: 10.1007/s10964-015-0367-0
  77. Weber, H. 2015. National and regional proportion of immigrants and perceived threat of immigration: A three-level analysis in Western Europe. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 56(2): 116140. DOI: 10.1177/0020715215571950
  78. Wessel, T. 2017. Det todelte Oslo–etniske minoriteter i øst og vest. Oslo—Ulikhetenes by. Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk.
  79. Williams, R. 2006. Generalized ordered logit/partial proportional odds models for ordinal dependent variables. The Stata Journal, 6(1): 5882. DOI: 10.1177/1536867X0600600104
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33134/njmr.404 | Journal eISSN: 1799-649X
Language: English
Page range: 413 - 434
Submitted on: Oct 7, 2020
Accepted on: Mar 29, 2022
Published on: Dec 7, 2022
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2022 Erika Braanen Sterri, published by Helsinki University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.