
Little Norway in Somalia–Understanding Complex Belongings of Transnational Somali Families
By: Ayan Handulle
References
- Abdile, M. 2014.
The Somali diaspora in conflict and peacebuilding: The Peace Initiative Programme . In: Laakso, L and Hautaniemi, P (eds.) Diasporas, Development and Peacemaking in the Horn of Africa. London: Zed Books. pp. 77–97. Available athttp://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:759526/FULLTEXT01.pdf [Last accessed 1 October 2020]. DOI: 10.5040/9781350219618.ch-004 - Al-Ali, N, Black, R and Koser, K. 2001. The limits to ‘transnationalism’: Bosnian and Eritrean refugees in Europe as emerging transnational communities. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24: 578–600. DOI: 10.1080/01419870120049798
- Anthias, F. 2013. Identity and belonging: Conceptualisations and political framings. KLA Working Paper Series No. 8: Kompetenznetz Lateinamerika–Ethnicity, Citizenship, Belonging.
- Baldassar, L, Kilkey, M, Merla, L and Wilding, R. 2014. Transnational families. In: Treas, J, Scott, J and Richards, M (eds.) The Wiley Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Families. pp. 155–175. DOI: 10.1002/9781118374085.ch8
- Baldassar, L, Nedelcu, M, Merla, L and Wilding, R. 2016.
ICT-based co-presence in transnational families and communities: Challenging the premise of face-to-face proximity in sustaining relationships . Global Networks, 16: 133–144. West Sussex, UK: Wiley Online Library. DOI: 10.1111/glob.12108 - Bendixsen, S, Bringslid, MB and Vike, H. (eds.) 2017. Egalitarianism in Scandinavia: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Springer. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59791-1
- Bolognani, M. 2014. Visits to the country of origin: How second-generation British Pakistanis shape transnational identity and maintain power asymmetries. Global Networks, 14: 103–120. DOI: 10.1111/glob.12015
- Bryceson, DF. 2019. Transnational families negotiating migration and care life cycles across nation-state borders. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45: 3042–3064. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2018.1547017
- Carling, J and Pettersen, SV. 2014. Return migration intentions in the integration–Transnationalism matrix. International Migration, 52: 13–30. DOI: 10.1111/imig.12161
- Crowley, J. 1999.
The politics of belonging: Some theoretical considerations . In: Andrew, G and Favell, A (eds.) The politics of belonging: Migrants and minorities in contemporary Europe. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 15–41. - Engbersen, G, Leerkes, A, Grabowska-Lusinska, I, Snel, E and Burgers, J. 2013. On the differential attachments of migrants from Central and Eastern Europe: A typology of labour migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39: 959–981. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2013.765663
- Erdal, MB. 2013. Migrant transnationalism and multi-layered integration: Norwegian-Pakistani migrants’ own reflections. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39: 983–999. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2013.765665
- Erel, U. 2011. Complex belongings: Racialization and migration in a small English city. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34: 2048–2068. DOI: 10.1080/01419870.2011.574715
- Follesø, R and Mevik, K. 2010.
In the best interest of the child? Contradictions and tensions in social work . In Forsberg, H and Kröger, T (eds.) Social Work and Child Welfare Politics. Through Nordic Lens. Bristol: Policy. pp. 97–112. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctt9qgs03.11 - Friberg, JH and Elgvin, O. 2016. Når velferdsstaten bryter tilliten ned: Somaliske innvandrere i møte med NAV. Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning, 56: 257–284. DOI: 10.18261/issn.1504-291X-2016-03-02
- Fuglerud, O and Engebrigtsen, A. 2006. Culture, networks and social capital: Tamil and Somali immigrants in Norway. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 29(6): 1118–1134. DOI: 10.1080/01419870600960388
- Glick-Schiller, N, Basch, L and Blanc-Szanton, C. 1992.
Towards a definition of transnationalism . In: Glick Schiller, N, Basch, L and Blanc Szanton, C (eds.) Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity and Nationalism Reconsidered. New York: New York Academy of Sciences. - Haga, R. 2019.
Somali parents in Sweden: Navigating parenting and child wellbeing . In: Tiilikainen, M, Al-Sharmani, M and Mustasaari, S (eds.) Wellbeing of Transnational Muslim Families. Routledge: New York. pp. 112–128. DOI: 10.4324/9781315231976-7 - Haikkola, L. 2011. Making connections: Second-generation children and the transnational field of relations. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 37: 1201–1217. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2011.590925
- Hammond, L. 2013. Somali transnational activism and integration in the UK: Mutually supporting strategies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39: 1001–1017. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2013.765666
- Handulle, A and Vassenden, A. 2020. ‘The art of kindergarten drop off’: How young Norwegian-Somali parents perform ethnicity to avoid reports to Child Welfare Services. European Journal of Social Work, 24(3): 1–12. DOI: 10.1080/13691457.2020.1713053
- Haug, B, Dann, GMS and Mehmetoglu, M. 2007. Little Norway in Spain. Annals of Tourism Research, 34: 202–222. DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2006.07.011
- Henriksen, K. 2010. Levekår og kjønnsforskjeller blant innvandrere fra ti land. Rapporter. Oslo/Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå.
- Johnsdotter, S. 2015. European Somali children dumped? On families, parents, and children in a transnational context. European Journal of Social Work, 18(1): 81–96. DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2013.819059
- King, R and Christou, A. 2011. Of counter-diaspora and reverse transnationalism: Return mobilities to and from the ancestral homeland. Mobilities, 6: 451–466. DOI: 10.1080/17450101.2011.603941
- King, R and Christou, A. 2014. Second-generation ‘return’ to Greece: New dynamics of transnationalism and integration. International Migration, 52: 85–99. DOI: 10.1111/imig.12149
- Kleist, N. 2008. In the name of diaspora: Between struggles for recognition and political aspirations. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34: 1127–1143. DOI: 10.1080/13691830802230448
- Klok, J, van Tilburg, TG, Suanet, B, Fokkema, T and Huisman, M. 2017. “National and transnational belonging among Turkish and Moroccan older migrants in the Netherlands: Protective against loneliness?.” European Journal of Ageing, 14(4): 341–351. DOI: 10.1007/s10433-017-0420-9
- Lamont, M and Molnár, V. 2002. The study of boundaries in the social sciences. Annual Review of Sociology, 28(1): 167–195. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141107
- Lareau, A. 2002. Invisible inequality: Social class and childrearing in black families and white families. American Sociological Review, 67: 747. DOI: 10.2307/3088916
- Lidèn, H, Bredal, A and Reisel, L. 2014. Transnasjonal oppvekst: Om lengre utenlandsopphold blant barn og unge med innvandrerbakgrunn. Available at
https://samfunnsforskning.brage.unit.no/samfunnsforskning-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2440455/Web_R_2014_5.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y pdf [Last accessed 10 March 2020]. - Manning, A. 2019. The age of concerted cultivation: A racial analysis of parental repertoires and childhood activities. Du Bois Review, 16: 5–35. DOI: 10.1017/S1742058X19000080
- Mason, J. 2004. Managing kinship over long distances: The significance of ‘the visit’. Social Policy and Society, 3(4): 421–429. DOI: 10.1017/S1474746404002052
- Mohme, G. 2014. ‘Samira doesn’t live here any more’: Somali-Swedes’ mobility as transnational practice. Nordic Journal of Migration Research, 4: 118. DOI: 10.2478/njmr-2014-0014
- NRK. 2018. 62 norske barn sendt til utlandet mot sin vilje [62 Norwegian children sent abroad against their will]. Available at
https://www.nrk.no/norge/62-norske-barn-sendt-til-utlandet-mot-sin-vilje-1.13941425 [Last accessed 1 July 2020]. - NRK. 2020. Minst 415 norske barn og unge sendt til utlandet mot sin vilje [At least 415 Norwegian children and young people sent abroad against their will]. Available at
https://www.nrk.no/norge/ny-rapport_-minst-415-norske-barn-og-unge-sendt-til-utlandet-mot-sin-vilje-1.14855112 [Last accessed 7 July 2020]. - Orellana, MF, Thorne, B, Chee, A and Lam, WSE. 2001. Transnational childhoods: The participation of children in processes of family migration. Social Problems, 48: 572–591. DOI: 10.1525/sp.2001.48.4.57
- Oslo Economics. 2020. Kartlegging av kommunenes erfaringer med barn og unge som etterlates i utlandet. Kunnskapsdepartementet, 2019–2030. Available at
https://osloeconomics.no/wp-content/uploads/Oslo-Economics-2019-Etterlatte-barn-i-utlandet-2.pdf [Last accessed 4 March 2020]. - Osman, F, Klingberg-Allvin, M, Flacking, R and Schön, U-K. 2016. Parenthood in transition–Somali-born parents’ experiences of and needs for parenting support programmes. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 16: 7. DOI: 10.1186/s12914-016-0082-2
- Reisel, L, Bredal, A and Lidén, H. 2018.
Transnational schooling among children of immigrants in Norway . In: Bezorgmehr, IM and Kasinitz, P (eds.) Growing Up Muslim in Europe and the United States. New York: Routledge. pp. 153–171. DOI: 10.4324/9781315279091-9 - Salami, B, Alaazi, DA, Okeke-Ihejirika, P, Yohani, S, Vallianatos, H, Tetreault, B and Nsaliwa, C. 2020. Parenting challenges of African immigrants in Alberta, Canada. Child & Family Social Work, 25: 126–134. DOI: 10.1111/cfs.12725
- Skrbiš, Z. 2008. Transnational families: Theorising migration, emotions and belonging. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 29: 231–246. DOI: 10.1080/07256860802169188
- Statistics Norway. 2019.
“Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents.” Statistics Norway, Oslo. Available athttps://www.ssb.no/en/innvbef [Last accessed 1 October 2020]. - Swidler, A. 1986. Culture in action: Symbols and strategies. American Sociological Review, 51: 273. DOI: 10.2307/2095521
- Tembo, MJ, Studsrød, I and Young, S. 2020. Governing the family: Immigrant parents’ perceptions of the controlling power of the Norwegian welfare system. European Journal of Social Work, 24(3): 1–12. DOI: 10.1080/13691457.2020.1738349
- Thomas, P. 2016. Norwegian-Somali parents who send their children to schools in Somalia. Cogent Education, 3: 1–16. DOI: 10.1080/2331186X.2016.1229520
- Thomas, WI and Znaniecki, F. 1918. The Polish Peasant in Europe and America: A Classic Work in Immigration History. Reprint. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 1996.
- Tiilikainen, M. 2017. ‘Whenever mom hands over the phone, then we talk’: Transnational ties to the country of descent among Canadian Somali youth. Migration Letters, 14: 63–74. DOI: 10.33182/ml.v14i1.316
- Valentine, G, Sporton, D and Nielsen, KB. 2009. Identities and belonging: A study of Somali refugee and asylum seekers living in the UK and Denmark. Environment and Planning D: Society & Space, 27: 234–250. DOI: 10.1068/d3407
- Vassenden, A. 2010. Untangling the different components of Norwegianness: Components of Norwegianness. Nations and Nationalism, 16: 734–752. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8129.2009.00438.x
- Vassenden, A and Vedøy, G. 2019. Recurrence, eruptions, and a transnational turn: Three decades of strained relations between migrants to Norway and the Child Welfare Services. Child & Family Social Work, 24: 582–591. DOI: 10.1111/cfs.12639
- Vrålstad, S and Kjersti, SW. 2017. Levekår blant innvandrere i Norge Kongsvinger Norge: Statistisk sentralbyrå 2016. Oslo: Statistics Norway.
- Weeks, G and Weeks, J. 2015. Immigration and transnationalism: Rethinking the role of the state in Latin America. International Migration, 53: 122–134. DOI: 10.1111/imig.12054
- Yuval-Davis, N. 2006. Belonging and the politics of belonging. Patterns of Prejudice, 40: 197–214. DOI: 10.1080/00313220600769331
- Yuval-Davis, N. 2011. The Politics of Belonging: Intersectional Contestations. London: Sage. DOI: 10.4135/9781446251041
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33134/njmr.371 | Journal eISSN: 1799-649X
Language: English
Page range: 88 - 104
Submitted on: Jul 17, 2020
Accepted on: May 18, 2021
Published on: Mar 7, 2022
Published by: Helsinki University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 2022 Ayan Handulle, published by Helsinki University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.