Discrimination and Reactive Transnationalism Among Recent Italian, Polish, Turkish, and Syrian Immigrants in Germany

	ITALY (N = 1093)	POLAND (N = 1089)	SYRIA (N = 1199)	TÜRKIYE (N = 1067)	TOTAL (N = 4448)
Remittances	14.21%*	22.47%	33.73%*	23.43%	23.71%
Political Transnationalism	–.067	–.056	–.272*	.366*	–.001

Discrimination Experience	.961	1.014	1.010	1.008	.998
Perceived Group Unfairness	1.557*	1.831*	1.542*	1.732	1.662

Gender
Male	48.08%	35.42%*	65.30%*	56.25%*	51.58%
Female	51.92%	64.58%*	34.70%*	43.75%*	48.42%
Age	28.237	28.905	28.565	28.903	28.649
Income	4.919*	5.419*	2.094*	4.291	4.129
Children	0.158*	0.297*	0.866*	0.391	.439
Education	3.906	4.263*	3.247*	4.002*	3.839
Marital Status
Married	15.38%*	27.18%*	44.04%*	55.45%*	35.61%
Single	77.08%*	66.46%*	51.77%*	42.58%*	59.38%
Other	7.54%*	6.36%	4.19%	1.97%*	5.01%
Permanent Residence	99.55%	98.39%	95.64%	92.50%*	96.52%
Migration Motivation
Work	60.42%*	61.85%*	20.30%*	29.88%*	42.62%
Family	13.60%*	29.91%*	17.62%*	38.21%*	24.58%
Safety	8.14%*	17.12%*	82.03%*	25.83%*	34.50%
Education	26.81%	21.55%*	32.33%	38.91%*	29.91%

[i] * indicates a significant (P < .05) difference compared to sample average.

Least squares regression models predicting political transnationalism and remittances (N = 4448).

	POLITICAL TRANSNATIONALISM		REMITTANCES
	B	SE	B	SE
Discrimination
Experience	.031*	.015	.018*	.008
Perceived Group Unfairness	.055***	.017	.025**	.009
Origin Country (Italy = ref.)
Poland	–.106**	.034	.075***	.019
Syria	–.315***	.047	.238***	.025
Türkiye	.283***	.039	.113***	.021
Control Variables
Female Gender	–.192***	.026	–.030*	.014
Age	.014***	.003	.004*	.003
Income	.022***	.005	.005	.004
Children	–.028	.018	–.034***	.010
Education Level	.154***	.012	–.021***	.006
Marital Status (Married = ref.)
Single	.078*	.037	.017	.020
Other Marital Status	–.046	.059	.047	.033
Permanent Residence	.064	.069	–.061	.040
Migration Motivation
Work	–.154***	.028	.068***	.015
Education	.140***	.030	–.061***	.017
Family	–.045	.033	.052**	.018
Safety	.202***	.033	.008	.018

Intercept	–1.191***	.121	.073	.069
R‑Squared	.179		.060
F‑Statistic	52.74***		9.38***
F‑Probability	.000		.000

[i] * P < .05; ** P < .01; *** P < .001.

Interaction models predicting political transnationalism and remittances (N = 4448).

	Y = POLITICAL TRANSNATIONALISM				Y= REMITTANCES
	DISCRIMINATION EXPERIENCE × ORIGIN		PERCEIVED GROUP UNFAIRNESS × ORIGIN		DISCRIMINATION EXPERIENCE × ORIGIN		PERCEIVED GROUP UNFAIRNESS × ORIGIN
	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE
Discrimination
Experience	–.008	.026	.032*	.015	.014	.015	.018*	.008
Perceived Group Unfairness	.055***	.017	.054	.030	.025**	.009	.017	.017
Origin Country (Italy = ref.)
Poland	–.137**	.048	–.052	.078	.067*	.027	.062	.042
Syria	–.349***	.057	–.310***	.074	.236***	.031	.225***	.040
Türkiye	.196***	.052	.220**	.077	.109***	.028	.091*	.042
Interactions
Disc. Experience × Poland	.033	.034	—	—	.008	.019	—	—
Disc. Experience × Syria	.037	.032	—	—	.002	.018	—	—
Disc. Experience × Türkiye	.089*	.035	—	—	.005	.019	—	—
Group Unfairness × Poland	—	—	–.030	.041	—	—	.008	.022
Group Unfairness × Syria	—	—	–.004	.037	—	—	.008	.020
Group Unfairness × Türkiye	—	—	.036	.041	—	—	.014	.022

Intercept	–1.156***	.122	–1.185***	.126	.076	.070	.085	.071
R‑Squared	.180		.179		.060		.060
F‑Statistic	45.26***		44.39***		12.41***		12.36***
F‑Probability	.000		.000		.000		.000