Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Application Value of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Using Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Blood Samples in Patients with Severe Pneumonia Complicated with Bloodstream Infection Cover

Application Value of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Using Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Blood Samples in Patients with Severe Pneumonia Complicated with Bloodstream Infection

Open Access
|Mar 2026

References

  1. Anđelković MV, Janković SM, Kostić MJ, Živković Zarić RS, Opančina VD, Živić MŽ. 2019. Antimicrobial treatment of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia invasive infections: systematic review. J Chemother. 31(6):297–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/1120009X.2019.1635209
  2. Chen M, Zhang M, Shi M, Hu X. 2022. Diagnosis and analysis of clinical characteristics of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 22(10):499–504. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2022.0013
  3. Chen X, Ding S, Lei C, Qin J, Guo T, Yang D, Zhao F, Li J, Wang L, Wang Z. 2020. Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid metagenomic next-generation sequencing in pneumonia. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2020:6839103. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6839103
  4. Cheng MP, Stenstrom R, Paquette K, Stabler SN, Akhter M, Davidson AC, Gavric M, Lawandi A, Jang W, Vinh DC. 2019. Blood culture results before and after antimicrobial administration in patients with severe manifestations of sepsis: a diagnostic study. Ann Intern Med. 171(8):547–554. https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-1696
  5. Chiche L, Forel JM, Roch A, Guervilly C, Pauly V, Allardet-Servent J, Michelet P, Papazian L, Thomas P, Jaber S. 2009. Active cytomegalovirus infection is common in mechanically ventilated medical intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med. 37(6):1850–1857. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31819ffea6
  6. Chiu CY, Miller SA. 2019. Clinical metagenomics. Nat Rev Genet. 20(6):341–355. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-019-0113-7
  7. Chumbita M, Puerta-Alcalde P, Gudiol C, Garcia-Pouton N, Laporte-Amargós J, Ladino A, Cardozo C, Alonso-Fernández A, Royo-Cebrecos C, Carratalà J. 2022. Impact of empirical antibiotic regimens on mortality in neutropenic patients with bloodstream infection presenting with septic shock. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 66(2):e01744-21. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01744-21
  8. Cillóniz C, Torres A, Niederman MS. 2021. Management of pneumonia in critically ill patients. BMJ. 375:e065871. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-065871
  9. Costa GF, Tognim MCB, Cardoso CL, Carrara-Marrone FE, Garcia LB. 2006. Preliminary evaluation of adherence on abiotic and cellular surfaces of Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from catheter tips. Braz J Infect Dis. 10(5):346–351. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-86702006000500009
  10. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, Antonelli M, Coopersmith CM, French C, Machado FR, McIntyre L, Ostermann M, Prescott HC. 2021. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 49(11):e1063–e1143. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000005337
  11. Fournier PE, Vallenet D, Barbe V, Audic S, Ogata H, Poirel L, Richet H, Robert C, Mangenot S, Abergel C. 2006. Comparative genomics of multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. PLoS Genet. 2(1):e7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.0020007
  12. Grahame-Clarke C, Chan NN, Andrew D, Ridgway GL, Betteridge DJ, Emery VC. 2003. Human cytomegalovirus seropositivity is associated with impaired vascular function. Circulation. 108(6):678–683. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000084505.54603.C7
  13. Gupta I, Baranwal P, Singh G, Gupta V. 2023. Mucormycosis, past and present: a comprehensive review. Future Microbiol. 18(3):217–234. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2022-0211
  14. He G, Li H, Xu H. 1998. The relationship between different serological types of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain in lower respiratory tract and its clinical significance. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 21(10):584–587.
  15. Holder KA, Grant MD. 2019. Human cytomegalovirus IL-10 augments NK cell cytotoxicity. J Leukoc Biol. 106(2):447–454. https://doi.org/10.1002/JLB.2AB0418-158RR
  16. Langelier C, Kalantar KL, Moazed F, Wilson MR, Crawford ED, Deiss T, Belzer A, Bolourchi S, Caldera S, DeRisi JL. 2018. Integrating host response and unbiased microbe detection for lower respiratory tract infection diagnosis in critically ill adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 115(52):E12353–E12362. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809700115
  17. Lanks CW, Musani AI, Hsia DW. 2019. Community-acquired pneumonia and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Med Clin North Am. 103(3):487–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2018.12.008
  18. Li Y, Deng X, Hu F, Wang J, Liu Y, Huang H, Yu J, Wang L, Zhou Y, Zhang Y. 2018. Metagenomic analysis identified co-infection with human rhinovirus C and bocavirus 1 in an adult suffering from severe pneumonia. J Infect. 76(3):311–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2017.10.012
  19. Limaye AP, Boeckh M. 2010. CMV in critically ill patients: pathogen or bystander? Rev Med Virol. 20(6):372–379. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.664
  20. Liu L, Maharjan S, Sun JL, Li YC, Cheng HJ. 2021. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of septicemia in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. J Int Med Res. 49(6):03000605211021733. https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605211021733
  21. Patterson SB, Mende K, Li P, Lu D, Carson ML, Murray CK, Akers KS, Be NA, Bishop-Lilly KA, Waterman PE. 2020. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections: clinical characteristics in a military trauma population. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 96(2):114953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114953
  22. Rawlinson NJ, Fung B, Gross TG, Termuhlen AM, Skeens M, Garee A, Shenoy S, Mehta PA. 2011. Disseminated Rhizomucor pusillus causing early multiorgan failure during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe aplastic anemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 33(3):235–237. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPH.0b013e31820e3fd5
  23. Scheer C, Fuchs C, Gründling M, Vollmer M, Bast J, Bohnert JA, Zimmermann K, Hensel M, Kluge S, Keh D. 2019. Impact of antibiotic administration on blood culture positivity at the beginning of sepsis: a prospective clinical cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 25(3):326–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.05.016
  24. Shi Y, Huang Y, Zhang TT, Cao B, Wang H, Zhuo C, Ye F, Su X, Fan H, Xu JF. 2019. Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults (2018 edition). J Thorac Dis. 11(6):2581–2616. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2019.06.09
  25. Sun H, Wang F, Zhang M, Xu X, Li M, Gao W, Zhang H, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhao Y. 2022. Diagnostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid metagenomic next-generation sequencing in severe pneumonia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 12:872813. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.872813
  26. Walden AP, Clarke GM, McKechnie S, Hutton P, Gordon AC, Rello J, Chiche JD, Stüber F, García-Salido A, Lipman J. 2014. Patients with community-acquired pneumonia admitted to European intensive care units: an epidemiological survey of the GenOSept cohort. Crit Care. 18(2):R58. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc13812
  27. Yang T, Mei Q, Fang X, Zhu S, Wang Y, Li W, Li H, Chen X, Liu Y, Zhang Z. 2022. Clinical value of metagenomics next-generation sequencing in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for patients with severe hospital-acquired pneumonia: a nested case-control study. Infect Drug Resist. 15:1505–1514. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S356662
  28. Zhang R, Lin D, Chan EWC, Gu D, Chen GX, Chen S. 2016. Emergence of carbapenem-resistant serotype K1 hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 60(1):709–711. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02173-15
  29. Zhou JJ, Ding WC, Liu YC, Gao YL, Xu L, Geng RL, Li Y, Wang H, Zhang H, Liu X. 2022. Diagnostic value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing for pulmonary infection in intensive care unit and non–intensive care unit patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 12:929856. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.929856
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2026-008 | Journal eISSN: 2544-4646 | Journal ISSN: 1733-1331
Language: English
Page range: 75 - 83
Submitted on: Sep 8, 2025
|
Accepted on: Dec 30, 2025
|
Published on: Mar 31, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2026 Fengming Liu, Fumao Xie, Qingrong Zhong, Xiaofeng Lin, Qingmei Yang, Yongqiang Li, Chunxi Huang, Qiuju Huang, Liuyan Xu, Juan Zhong, published by Polish Society of Microbiologists
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.