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A Molecular and Epidemiological Study of Cholera Outbreak in Sulaymaniyah Province, Iraq, in 2022 Cover

A Molecular and Epidemiological Study of Cholera Outbreak in Sulaymaniyah Province, Iraq, in 2022

Polish Journal of Microbiology
Volume 72 (2023): Issue 1 (March 2023)
By: DANA KHDR SABIR,  ZHWAN TALIB HAMA,  KARZAN JALAL SALIH and  KARZAN GHAFUR KHIDHIR  
Open Access
|Mar 2023

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

An example of Vibrio cholerae grown on TCBS media.
An example of Vibrio cholerae grown on TCBS media.

Fig. 2.

The result of the bacteriological identification of Vibrio cholerae. A) In the oxidase test, the purple color indicates a positive result; B) KIA test, acid/alkaline, no gas, no H2S; C) serologic identification of V. cholerae, showing agglutination for polyvalent O1 antiserum and monovalent Ogawa.
The result of the bacteriological identification of Vibrio cholerae. A) In the oxidase test, the purple color indicates a positive result; B) KIA test, acid/alkaline, no gas, no H2S; C) serologic identification of V. cholerae, showing agglutination for polyvalent O1 antiserum and monovalent Ogawa.

Fig. 3.

The phylogenetic tree analysis is based on the similarity of the 16S rRNA sequence of the newly isolated Vibrio cholerae to closely related species. The tree was built using MEGA7.0 software, the neighbor-joining method, and bootstrapped 1,000 replicate runs. The newly isolated are shown in bold, and the accession numbers are shown in parentheses after the strain names. The bar indicates substitutions per nucleotide.
The phylogenetic tree analysis is based on the similarity of the 16S rRNA sequence of the newly isolated Vibrio cholerae to closely related species. The tree was built using MEGA7.0 software, the neighbor-joining method, and bootstrapped 1,000 replicate runs. The newly isolated are shown in bold, and the accession numbers are shown in parentheses after the strain names. The bar indicates substitutions per nucleotide.

Fig. 4.

The number of suspected and positive cholera cases in the Shar hospital for both genders in June and July of 2022.
The number of suspected and positive cholera cases in the Shar hospital for both genders in June and July of 2022.

Fig. 5.

Box plot showing the number of diagnosed patients admitted to the hospital based on gender; A) comparison between both genders for each month; B) differences between the number of male cases in June and July as well as female cases in June and July. The values’ statistical significance (p-value) is shown above each box. The yellow dot in each box plot represents the mean value, and the horizontal line in each box represents the median value. A p-value < 0.05 is considered significant.
Box plot showing the number of diagnosed patients admitted to the hospital based on gender; A) comparison between both genders for each month; B) differences between the number of male cases in June and July as well as female cases in June and July. The values’ statistical significance (p-value) is shown above each box. The yellow dot in each box plot represents the mean value, and the horizontal line in each box represents the median value. A p-value < 0.05 is considered significant.

Percentage distribution of diagnosed cases according to age groups and gender for both June and July 2022_

Age group (years)GenderJuneJuly
Number of cases%Number of cases%
< 1Male    0    0.00%    0    0.00%
Female    0    0.00%    0    0.00%
1–4Male    0    0.00%    0    0.00%
Female    1    0.00%    0    0.00%
5–9Male    4    0.10%    0    0.00%
Female    0    0.00%    0    0.00%
10–14Male    9    0.30%    3    0.20%
Female  25    0.70%  15    1.20%
15–19Male149    4.30%  66    5.20%
Female217    6.20%  95    7.40%
20–44Male    1,156  33.30%412  32.20%
Female980  28.20%379  29.60%
45–64Male340    9.80%  90    7.00%
Female381  11.00%131  10.20%
> 65Male  97    2.80%  25    2.00%
Female115    3.30%  64    5.00%
Total cases    3,474100%    1,280100%
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2023-008 | Journal eISSN: 2544-4646 | Journal ISSN: 1733-1331
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Language: English
Page range: 39 - 46
Submitted on: Oct 28, 2022
Accepted on: Feb 9, 2023
Published on: Mar 24, 2023
Published by: Polish Society of Microbiologists
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
outbreak,
bacterial infection,
molecular identification,
Sulaymaniyah
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Microbiology and virology

© 2023 DANA KHDR SABIR, ZHWAN TALIB HAMA, KARZAN JALAL SALIH, KARZAN GHAFUR KHIDHIR, published by Polish Society of Microbiologists
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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