Table I
The primers for capsular genes of Haemophilus influenzae (Fella et al. 1994).
| Gene | Primer | Product size (bp) |
|---|---|---|
| P6 | F: ACGATGCTGCAGGCAATGGT R: CATCAGTATTACCTTCTACTAAT | 198 |
| Hi (bexA) | F: CGTTTGTATGATGTTGATCCAGAC R: TGTCCATGTCTTCAAAATGATG | 343 |
| Hi-a | F: CTACTCATTGCAGCATTTGC R: GAATATGACCTGATCTTCTG | 250 |
| Hi-b | F: GCGAAAGTGAACTCTTATCTCTC R: GCTTACGCTTCTATCTCGGTGAA | 480 |
| Hi-c | F: TCTGTGTAGATGATGGTTCA R: CAGAGGCAAGCTATTAGTGA | 250 |
| Hi-d | F: TGATGACCGATACAACCTGT R: TCCACTCTTCAAACCATTCT | 150 |
| Hi-e | F: GGTAACGAATGTAGTGGTAG R: GCTTTACTGTATAAGTCTAG | 1,350 |
| Hi-f | F: GCTACTTATCAAGTCCAAATC R: CGCAATTATGGAAGAAAGCT | 450 |
| GAPDH | F: ACAACTTTGGTATCGTGGAAGG R: GCCATCACGCCACAGTTTC | 230 |
Table II
The primers for drug resistance genes of Haemophilus influenzae (Søndergaard and Nørskov-Lauritsen 2016; Li et al. 2020).
| Gene | Primer | Product size (bp) |
|---|---|---|
| TEM | F: TAAGAGAATTATGCAGTGCTGCC R: TCCATAGTTGCCTGACTCCCC | 458 |
| ROB | F: AAGCCCGCATTGGCGTTTAT R: GGGCAATCGTCATGCCTTTG | 521 |
| PBP3S | F: GATACTACGTCCTTTAAATTAAG R: GCAGTAAATGCCACATACTTA | 551 |
| PBP3BLN | F: TTCAAGTAACCGTGGTGTGAC R: GCAGTAAATGCCACATATTTC | 465 |
Fig. 1.
Electrophoregram of Haemophilus influenzae capsular genes’ amplicons, including NT0Hi, Hie, Hib, Hif, and Hic strains.
Table III
Drug resistance rates of Haemophilus influenzae strains [n (%)].
| Antibiotic | β-lactamase-positive (n = 474) | β-lactamase-negative (n = 326) | χ2 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ampicillin | 474 (100.0) | 113 (34.6) | 45.725 | ≤ 0.001*** |
| Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim | 399 (84.2) | 232 (71.2) | 14.558 | ≤ 0.001*** |
| Cefaclor | 266 (56.1) | 137 (42.0) | 2.515 | 0.113 |
| Cefuroxime | 225 (47.5) | 110 (33.8) | 0.871 | 0.351 |
| Amoxicillin/clavulanate | 123 (25.9) | 109 (33.4) | 31.911 | ≤ 0.001*** |
| Tetracycline | 48 (10.1) | 12 (3.7) | 3.266 | 0.071 |
| Chloramphenicol | 41 (8.6) | 4 (1.2) | 10.184 | 0.001*** |
| Cefotaxime | 4 (0.8) | 5 (1.5) | 1.593 | 0.207 |
| Ofloxacin | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.3) | 0.010 | 0.919 |
| Multidrug resistance | 295 (62.2) | 106 (32.5) | 3.911 | 0.048* |
Fig. 2.
Electrophoregram of Haemophilus influenzae drug-resistance genes (in the BLNAR and BLPACR phenotype strains).