Table I
Isolation and identification of Escherichia coli.
| Shop | Location of shop | Samples collected | Presumptive isolates | Positive isolates | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Open-air market | 58 | 58 | 28 | 48.28 |
| B | Open-air market | 33 | 31 | 18 | 58.06 |
| C | Closed store | 43 | 43 | 8 | 18.60 |
| D | Closed store | 42 | 42 | 14 | 33.33 |
| Total | 176 | 174 | 68 | 39.08 |
Fig. 1
Agarose gel electrophoresis for Escherichia coli identification.
Line M – 100 bp ladder, Line 1 – negative control, Line 2 – E. coli ATCC® 25922™ as a positive control, Lines 3–12 – the 147 bp PCR amplification product for E. coli isolates.
Fig. 2
The sensitivity pattern of Escherichia coli isolates against antibiotics. AMP – ampicillin, CO10 – colistin sulphate, TS – trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, CXM – cefuroxime, E – erythromycin, C30 – chloramphenicol, IMI – imipenem, GM – gentamycin, T– tetracycline, NOR – norfloxacin, CTX – cefotaxime, CIP – ciprofloxacin, S – susceptible, R – resistant, I – intermediate
Fig. 3
Electrophoresis of mrc-1 gene amplification among Escherichia coli isolates. Line 1 – 100 bp ladder, Line 2 – negative control, Line 3–13 – positive isolates
Fig. 4
Electrophoresis of the ermB gene amplification product (350 bp) in Escherichia coli isolates. Line 1 – 100 bp DNA ladder, Line 2 – negative control, Lines 3–12 – the ermB-resistant E. coli isolates
Fig. 5
Gel electrophoresis of the PCR product (690 bp) amplified with blaTEM primers for the detection of β-lactam-resistant Escherichia coli isolates. Line 1 – DNA ladder, Line 2 – negative control, Lines 3–9 – β-lactam-resistant E. coli isolates
Table II
Antibiotic resistance patterns and the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) of the confirmed E. coli isolates.
| MDR phenotype | Number of antimicrobials | MARI |
|---|---|---|
| CTX-T-E | 3 | 0.25 |
| CTX-E-C30 | 3 | 0.25 |
| CTX-AMP-E | 3 | 0.25 |
| CTX-CXM-E | 3 | 0.25 |
| TS-GM-E-CO10 | 4 | 0.33 |
| CTX-CXM-AMP-E | 4 | 0.33 |
| AMP-T-TS-C30-E | 5 | 0.42 |
| CTX-CXM-T-TS-E | 5 | 0.42 |
| CTX-CXM-AMP-TS-E | 5 | 0.42 |
| CTX-CXM-AMP-T-E | 5 | 0.42 |
| CTX-CXM-TS-CO10-E | 5 | 0.42 |
| CTX-TS-E-IMI-CIP | 5 | 0.42 |
| CTX-CXM-AMP-T-E-C30 | 6 | 0.50 |
| CTX-CXM-AMP-TS-CO10-E | 6 | 0.50 |
| CTX-CXM-AMP-T-TS-E | 6 | 0.50 |
| CTX-CXM-AMP-TS-IMI-E | 6 | 0.50 |
| CTX-CXM-AMP-IMI-CO10-E | 6 | 0.50 |
| CTX-CXM-AMP-TS-IMI-E | 6 | 0.50 |
| CTX-CXM-AMP-TS-C30-GM | 6 | 0.50 |
| CTX-CXM-AMP-T-TS-C30-E | 7 | 0.58 |
| CTX-CXM-AMP-TS-IMI-E | 6 | 0.50 |
| CTX-CXM-AMP-T-TS-C30-IMI-E | 8 | 0.66 |
| CTX-CXM-AMP-T-TS-C30-CO10-E | 8 | 0.66 |
| CTX-CXM-AMP-T-TS-C30-GM-CO10 | 8 | 0.66 |
| CTX-AMP-T-TS-E-C30-IMI-NOR | 8 | 0.66 |
| CTX-CXM-AMP-T-TS-C30-IMI-CO10-E | 9 | 0.75 |
| CTX-CXM-AMP-TS-C30-IMI-GM-CO10-E | 9 | 0.75 |
[i] MDR – indicates resistance to three or more classes of antibiotics, AMP – ampicillin,
C30 – chloramphenicol, CIP – ciprofloxacin, CO10 – colistin sulphate, CTX – cefotaxime,
CXM – cefuroxime, E– erythromycin, GM – gentamycin, IMI – imipenem, NOR – norfloxacin, T– tetracycline, TS – trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole
Table III
Colistin and imipenem resistance patterns among the isolates.
| Colistin- and imipenem-resistant isolates (CO10+/IMP+) | Colistin-resistant and imipenem-sensitive isolates (CO10+/IMP–) | Colistin-sensitive and imipenem-resistant isolates (CO10–/IMP+) |
|---|---|---|
| CTX-CXM-AMP-TS-C30-IMI-GM-CO10-E | CTX-CXM-AMP-T-TS-C30-GM-CO10 | CTX-AMP-T-TS-E-C30-IMI-NOR |
| CTX-CXM-AMP-T-TS-C30-IMI-CO10-E | CTX-CXM-AMP-T-TS-C30-CO10-E | CTX-CXM-AMP-T-TS-E-C30-IMI-E |
| CTX-CXM-AMP-IMI-CO10-E | TS-GM-E-CO10 | CTX-CXM-AMP-TS-IMI-E |
| CTX-CXM-TS-CO10-E | CTX-CXM-AMP-TS-E | |
| CTX-CXM-AMP-TS-CO10-E | CTX-TS-E-IMI-CIP |