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Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Factor-Encoding Genes, and Biofilm-Forming Ability of Community-Associated Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Western Saudi Arabia Cover

Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Factor-Encoding Genes, and Biofilm-Forming Ability of Community-Associated Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Western Saudi Arabia

Polish Journal of Microbiology
Volume 71 (2022): Issue 3 (September 2022)
By: Sara H. Arafa,  Wafa A. Alshehri,  Sameer R. Organji,  Khaled Elbanna,  Najla A. Obaid,  Mohammad S. Aldosari,  Fatimah H. Asiri,  Iqbal Ahmad and  Hussein H. Abulreesh  
Open Access
|Sep 2022

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1A

Agarose gel electrophoresis shows positive results of kpsMTII virulence gene at (270 bp) in UPEC. M– DNA marker, C– negative control
Agarose gel electrophoresis shows positive results of kpsMTII virulence gene at (270 bp) in UPEC. M– DNA marker, C– negative control

Fig. 1B

Agarose gel electrophoresis shows positive results of csgA virulence gene at (301 bp) in UPEC. M– DNA marker, C– negative control
Agarose gel electrophoresis shows positive results of csgA virulence gene at (301 bp) in UPEC. M– DNA marker, C– negative control

Fig. 1C

Agarose gel electrophoresis shows some positive results of vat virulence gene at (418 bp) in UPEC. M– DNA marker, C– negative control
Agarose gel electrophoresis shows some positive results of vat virulence gene at (418 bp) in UPEC. M– DNA marker, C– negative control

Multidrug-resistance patterns among uropathogenic E_ coli_

Isolate codeOriginAntibiotic resistance patternsNo. of antimicrobial classesESBL†KPC‡
** UPEC 2FAM, CEFT, CEFE, TS3––
** UPEC 6FAM, CEFT, CEFE, CIP, NOR, TS4++
** UPEC 12FAM, CEFT, CEFE, CIP, NOR, TS4++
** UPEC 13FAM, CEFT, CEFE, CIP, NOR, TS4++
** UPEC 17MAM, CEFT, CEFE, CIP, TS4––
UPEC 20FNOR1––
** UPEC 25FAM, AC, PT*, CIP, NOR, NIT*3––
** UPEC 32FAM, CEFT, CEFE, CIP, NOR, TS4++
** UPEC 39MAM, CEFT, CEFE, NIT3++
** UPEC 45MAM, CEFT, CEFE, CIP, NOR, TS4++
UPEC 88FAM, NOR2––
** UPEC 95FAM, CEFT, CEFE, NOR, TS4++
** UPEC 119FAM, CEFT, CEFE, NOR3++
UPEC 127MNOR1––
UPEC 138FNOR1––
UPEC 145FNOR1––
UPEC 151FNOR1––
UPEC 156MNOR1––
UPEC 168FNOR1––
** UPEC 192MAM, CEFT, CEFE, NOR, TS4++
** UPEC 213MAM, CEFT, CEFE, CIP, NOR, TS4++
** UPEC 225MAM, G, CIP, NOR, TS4––
UPEC 226MNOR1––
UPEC 230MNOR1––
UPEC 242MNOR1––
** UPEC 243FAM, G, CIP, NOR, TS, NIT*4––
** UPEC 316FAM, CEFT, CEFE, G, CIP, NOR, TS5++
** UPEC 326FAM, CEFT, CEFE, G, CIP, NOR, TS5++
UPEC 331MNOR1––
** UPEC 353FAM, CEFT, CEFE, TS3+–
** UPEC 425MAM, AC, PT, NOR, TS3––
UPEC 432MNOR1––
** UPEC 450MAM, AC*, CEFT, CEFE, G, CIP, NOR, TS5++
** UPEC 544FAM, AC*, G, NOR, TS4––
** UPEC 549MAM, CEFT, CEFE, CIP, TS4++
** UPEC 661FAM, CEFT, CEFE, TS3++
UPEC 662FAM1––
UPEC 666FAM, CEFT, CEFE2++
UPEC 738MAM1––
UPEC 829FAM, TS2––
UPEC 950MAM, TS2––
UPEC 1000MAM, NIT2++

Prevalence of ESBL, KPC and α-hemolysin positive phenotypes of UPEC_

Isolates originTotal number of UPECESBL+† (%)ESBL+‡ (%)KPC+ (%)β-hemolysis (%)
Male22  7 (32)  7 (32)  7 (32)11 (50)
Female2811 (39.3)11 (39.3)10 (36)16 (57.2)
Total5018 (36)18 (36)17 (34)27 (54)

Calculations of Biofilm classification values_

Biofilm formation abilityRangeNegative control
Strong (S)Moderate (M)Weak (W)
BF = AB– CW≥ 0.200 – 0.2990.100 – 0.199< 0.100< 0.100
BF = AB ÷ CW4.00 – 5.992.00 – 3.99< 2.00 – 1.00< 1.00

Semiquantitative classification of biofilm formation using two different formulas and the association of biofilm-forming ability and multidrug-resistance in uropathogenic E_ coli_

Isolate codeBF†BF‡AMR
UPEC (2)N (0.058)W (1.167)3
UPEC (6)M (0.185)N (0.420)4
UPEC (12)S (0.343)W (1.988)4
UPEC (13)S (0.365)M (2.051)4
UPEC (17)N (0.066)W (1.190)4
UPEC (20)S (0.313)W (1.902)1
UPEC (25)M (0.121)W (1.348)2
UPEC (32)N (0.067)W (1.193)4
UPEC (39)W (0.39)M (2.123)2
UPEC (45)N (0.086)W (1.247)4
UPEC (88)N (0.066)W (1.190)2
UPEC (95)N (0.086)W (1.247)4
UPEC (119)N (0.046)W (1.132)4
UPEC (127)S (0.339)W (1.976)1
UPEC (138)S (0.239)W (1.688)1
UPEC (145)M (0.151)W (1.435)1
UPEC (151)M (0.135)W (1.389)1
UPEC (156)W (0.057)W (1.164)1
UPEC (168)W (0.031)W (1.089)1
UPEC (192)W (0.034)W (1.097)4
UPEC (213)W (0.074)W (1.213)4
UPEC (225)M (0.187)W (1.538)4
UPEC (226)M (0.121)W (1.348)1
UPEC (230)N (0.068)W (1.178)1
UPEC (242)N (–0.015)N (0.960)1
UPEC (243)N (0.062)W (1.162)4
UPEC (316)N (0.016)W (1.041)5
UPEC (326)N (–0.027)N (0.929)5
UPEC (331)N (0.004)W (1.010)1
UPEC (353)N (0.031)W (1.081)3
UPEC (425)N (–0.017)N (0.955)3
UPEC (432)N (0.027)W (1.070)1
UPEC (450)N (0.054)W (1.141)5
UPEC (544)N (0.061)W (1.159)4
UPEC (549)S (0.216)W (1.565)4
UPEC (601)N (0.024)W (1.062)0
UPEC (654)N (0.013)W (1.034)0
UPEC (661)N (0.088)W (1.230)3
UPEC (662)M (0.125)W (1.327)1
UPEC (666)N (0.068)W (1.178)2
UPEC (704)S (0.328)W (1.858)0
UPEC (738)N (–0.017)N (0.955)1
UPEC (829)N (–0.027)N (0.929)2
UPEC (842)N (0.074)W (1.193)0
UPEC (848)S (0.379)W (1.992)0
UPEC (882)N (0.09)W (1.235)0
UPEC (900)N (0.068)W (1.190)0
UPEC (928)N (0.074)W (1.193)0
UPEC (950)M (0.121)W (1.348)2
UPEC (1000)M (0.121)W(1.338)2
r–0.0948–0.1475NS

The sequence, annealing temperatures and the product size of the primers used to amplify genes encoding virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance_

Gene/ primerSequenceProduct size (bp)Annealing temperature
kps MTIIFP: 5'–GCGCATTTGCTGATACTGTTG-3'RP: 5'–CATCCAGACGATAAGCATGAGCA-3'27062
traTFP: 5'–GGTGTGGTGCGATGAGCACAG-3'RP: 5'–CACGGTTCAGCCATCCCTGAG-3'28862
satFP: 5'–TCAGAAGCTCAGCGAATCATTG-3'RP: 5'–CCATTATCACCAGTAAAACGCACC-3'93159
csgAFP: 5'–GGCGGAAATGGTTCAGATGTTG-3'RP: 5'–CGTATTCATAAGCTTCTCCCGA-3'30160
vatFP: 5'–AACGGTTGGTGGCAACAATCC-3'RP: 5'–AGCCCTGTAGAATGGCGAGTA-3'41858
iutAFP: 5'–GGCTGGACATCATGGGAACTGG-3'RP: 5'–CGTCGGGAACGGGTAGAATCG-3'30285
blaKPCFP: 5'–GATACCACGTTCCGTCTGG-3'RP: 5'–GCAGGTTCCGGTTTTGTCTC-3'24650-60
blaCTX-MFP: 5'–TTTGCGATGTGCAGTACCAGTAA-3'RP: 5'–CGATATCGTTGGTGGTGCCATA-3'54462

Antimicrobial resistance (Intermediate resistance*) profiles of uropathogenic E_ coli in western Saudi Arabia_

Sample originNP (%)AMACPTCEFTCEFEERTIMIMERAMIGCIPNORNITTS
Male77422 (2.84)121, (1*)1770000261929
Female22628 (12.4)181, (1*)(1*)121200004822(2*)13
Total1,00050 (5)30421919000061441422
p < 0.001

Prevalence of genes encoding virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance in uropathogenic E_ coli_

Isolates originTotal number of UPECGenes encoding for virulence factors
kpsMTII (%)iutA (%)traT (%)csgA (%)Sat (%)Vat (%)
Male2222 (100)22 (100)22 (100)22 (100)22 (100)  9 (41)
Female2828 (100)28 (100)28 (100)28 (100)27 (97)10 (36)
Total5050 (100)50 (100)50 (100)50 (100)49 (98)19 (38)
Genes encoding for antimicrobial resistance
blaCTX-M (%)blaKPC (%)
Male22  8 (37)  7 (32)
Female2810 (36)  5 (18)
Total5018 (36)12 (24)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2022-029 | Journal eISSN: 2544-4646 | Journal ISSN: 1733-1331
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Language: English
Page range: 325 - 339
Submitted on: Apr 27, 2022
Accepted on: Jul 1, 2022
Published on: Sep 2, 2022
Published by: Polish Society of Microbiologists
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Uropathogenic,
antimicrobial resistance,
virulence factors,
biofilm formation,
urinary tract infection,
Saudi Arabia
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Microbiology and virology

© 2022 Sara H. Arafa, Wafa A. Alshehri, Sameer R. Organji, Khaled Elbanna, Najla A. Obaid, Mohammad S. Aldosari, Fatimah H. Asiri, Iqbal Ahmad, Hussein H. Abulreesh, published by Polish Society of Microbiologists
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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