Table I
Demographic characteristics of the participants.
| Characteristics | SD (n = 17) | HC (n = 17) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male/Female | 10/7 | 7/10 | 0.159 | 0.303 |
| Age (years) | 20.059 ± 0.785 | 19.662 ± 0.611 | 1.646 | 0.109 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.229 ± 2.194 | 20.167 ± 2.172 | 1.419 | 0.166 |
| PSQI score | 9.059 ± 1.144 | 5.118 ± 1.576 | 8.342 | < 0.001 |
Fig. 1
Comparison of gut microbiota’s alpha diversity indices between the SD and HC groups, including Observed, Chao 1, ACE, Shannon, Simpson, and Coverage. Plotted in the graphics are the interquartile ranges and boxes, medians (lines in the box), and the lowest and highest values for the first and third quartiles. The abscissa represents a different group; the ordinate represents the value of each diversity index. Different colors distinguish different groups.
Fig. 2
The boxplot chart shows the beta diversity of the bacterial communities from the two groups, based on the Jaccard (A) and Bray-Curtis (B) distances, respectively. The interquartile ranges and boxes, medians (lines in the box), and the lowest and highest values for the first and third quartiles are plotted in the graph. Colors identify each group, and a black dot represents each sample.
Fig. 3
Different color dots represent different groups; the horizontal and vertical axis scale is the relative distance without a practical significance; X-variable 1 and variable 2 represent the putative factors influencing changes in the microbial composition of two groups of samples, respectively. The plot is based on the weighted Unifrac distance.
Fig. 4
The bacterial taxa’s linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe). LEfSe plot shows the top ten species with the smallest p-value for each group. Ten bacterial taxa were enriched in the SD group (green), and six bacterial taxa were enriched in the HC group (blue).
Fig. 5
Each point represents a sample and the 95% confidence intervals of the correlation coefficients are shown by grey areas. The relative abundances of genus Holdemanella in the samples were 0.
Table II
Correlation analysis of the selected bacterial species with the PSQI score.
| Level | Taxon name | Relative abundance (%) | q-value | r |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phylum | Elusimicrobia | 0.171 ± 0.995 | 0.007* | –0.108 |
| Phylum | Tenericutes | 0.123 ± 0.631 | 0.030* | –0.183 |
| Class | Elusimicrobia | 0.171 ± 0.995 | 0.023* | –0.108 |
| Class | Mollicutes | 0.123 ± 0.631 | 0.069 | –0.183 |
| Class | Erysipelotrichia | 2.606 ± 2.604 | 0.276 | 0.384* |
| Order | Elusimicrobiales | 0.171 ± 0.995 | 0.014* | –0.108 |
| Order | Anaeroplasmatales | 0.123 ± 0.631 | 0.058 | –0.183 |
| Order | Desulfovibrionales | 0.303 ± 0.259 | 0.188 | 0.328 |
| Order | Erysipelotrichales | 2.606 ± 2.604 | 0.208 | 0.384 |
| Family | Elusimicrobiaceae | 0.171 ± 0.995 | 0.027* | –0.108 |
| Family | Anaeroplasmataceae | 0.123 ± 0.631 | 0.110 | –0.183 |
| Family | Desulfovibrionaceae | 0.303 ± 0.259 | 0.286 | 0.328 |
| Family | Erysipelotrichaceae | 2.606 ± 2.604 | 0.339 | 0.384* |
| Genus | Holdemanella | 0.647 ± 1.490 | 0.033* | 0.601** |
| Genus | Elusimicrobium | 0.171 ± 0.995 | 0.033* | –0.108 |
| Genus | Asteroleplasma | 0.123 ± 0.631 | 0.159 | –0.183 |
| Species | uncultured_proteobacterium | 0.128 ± 0.748 | 0.035* | –0.183 |
| Species | uncultured_bacterium | 3.700 ± 2.810 | 0.707 | 0.323 |
Fig. 6
Functional prediction analysis of the gut microbiota in the SD and HC groups. Each color represents one group. The bar graph represents the pathways with a significant difference in relative abundance between the two groups. The figure on the right shows 95.0% confidence intervals and p-value.