Fig. 1
Schematic diagram of mechanical principle of HARV. MG is simulated by rotating the samples around a plane perpendicular to the gravity vector.
Fig. 2
Growth curve of PML (red) and PMS (blue). The growth curves of PML and PMS were quantified by measuring the OD600 values every 2 h for 24 h.
Table I
OD600 value of PML and PMS.
| Time (h) | PML | PMS |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0.548 ± 0.005 | 0.547 ± 0.006 |
| 2 | 0.581 ± 0.008 | 0.591 ± 0.005 |
| 4 | 0.674 ± 0.010 | 0.726 ± 0.005 |
| 6 | 0.863 ± 0.026 | 0.955 ± 0.012 |
| 8 | 1.206 ± 0.018 | 1.411 ± 0.026 |
| 10 | 1.560 ± 0.022 | 1.636 ± 0.013 |
| 12 | 1.709 ± 0.019 | 1.806 ± 0.027 |
| 14 | 1.776 ± 0.016 | 1.872 ± 0.024 |
| 16 | 1.826 ± 0.021 | 1.938 ± 0.025 |
| 18 | 1.876 ± 0.018 | 1.983 ± 0.015 |
| 20 | 1.927 ± 0.018 | 1.955 ± 0.014 |
| 22 | 1.900 ± 0.019 | 1.957 ± 0.028 |
| 24 | 1.889 ± 0.018 | 1.916 ± 0.014 |
Fig. 3
Biofilm formation ability of PML (red) and PMS (blue). Biofilm formation ability of PML and PMS was examined by measuring the OD570 values in microtiter plates.
Fig. 4
Swarming motility of PML (red) and PMS (blue). Swarming motility of PML and PMS was determined by measuring the translucent zone diameters in swarming agar.
Fig. 5
The Venn diagram of common and specific genes in PML and PMS.
Fig. 6
Scatter plot of DEGs. The x-axis and y-axis represent the logarithm of the gene expression for PML and PMS, respectively. Red spots and blue spots represent upregulated and downregulated genes, respectively.
Table II
Statistics of differentially expressed genes (DEGs).
| Gene ID | Expression (up/down) | Log2 FoldChang (PML/PMS) | Adjusted p-value | Gene products |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| csdA | up | 1.308 | < 0.001 | cysteine sulfinate desulfinase |
| csdE | up | 1.156 | < 0.001 | cysteine desulfuration protein |
| cutC | up | 1.323 | 0.004 | choline trimethylamine-lyase |
| phoA | up | 1.686 | 0.002 | alkaline phosphatase |
| pspA | up | 1.077 | 0.003 | phage shock protein A |
| pspB | up | 1.107 | 0.002 | phage shock protein B |
| pstB | up | 1.423 | 0.049 | phosphate transport system ATP-binding protein |
| rplT | up | 1.060 | 0.023 | large subunit ribosomal protein |
| ugpA | up | 1.439 | 0.002 | phosphate transport system ATP-binding protein |
| ugpB | up | 1.377 | < 0.001 | phosphate transport system ATP-binding protein |
| ugpC | up | 1.228 | 0.010 | phosphate transport system ATP-binding protein |
| ugpE | up | 1.575 | 0.002 | phosphate transport system ATP-binding protein |
| PMI_RS02645 | up | 1.148 | < 0.001 | fimbria/pilus periplasmic chaperon |
| PMI_RS09180 | up | 1.031 | 0.022 | cysteine desulfurase |
| PMI_RS09250 | up | 1.064 | 0.009 | sensor histidine kinase |
| PMI_RS13360 | up | 2.720 | < 0.001 | small multidrug resistance pump |
| PMI_RS13370 | up | 1.424 | 0.017 | putative phosphotransacetylase |
| PMI_RS14325 | up | 1.473 | 0.023 | amino acid transport system substrate-binding protein |
| PMI_RS17915 | up | 1.520 | < 0.001 | Cd2+/Zn2+-exporting ATPase |
| artP | down | –1.009 | < 0.001 | arginine transport system ATP-binding protein |
| cyoB | down | –1.290 | 0.022 | cytochrome o ubiquinol oxidase subunit I |
| epd | down | –1.011 | 0.007 | D-erythrose 4-phosphate dehydrogenase |
| fadB | down | –1.330 | 0.016 | 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase |
| fadE | down | –1.045 | 0.047 | acyl-CoA dehydrogenase |
| feoA | down | –1.277 | < 0.001 | ferrous iron transport protein A |
| glpA | down | –1.465 | 0.005 | glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
| glpB | down | –1.348 | 0.023 | glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
| glpT | down | –1.221 | 0.003 | glycerol-3-phosphate transporter |
| ilvN | down | –1.080 | 0.018 | acetolactate synthase I/III small subunit |
| metI | down | –1.178 | 0.003 | D-methionine transport system permease protein |
| msrB | down | –1.021 | < 0.001 | peptide-methionine oxide reductase |
| phsA | down | –1.181 | 0.046 | thiosulfate reductase |
| ptsG | down | –1.099 | < 0.001 | PTS system, glucose-specific IIB component |
| PMI_RS00340 | down | –1.105 | < 0.001 | protein NrfC |
| PMI_RS00505 | down | –1.210 | 0.048 | cytochrome ubiquinol oxidase subunit III |
| PMI_RS00510 | down | –1.283 | 0.036 | cytochrome ubiquinol oxidase subunit IV |
| PMI_RS07940 | down | –1.255 | 0.028 | – |
| PMI_RS09930 | down | –1.008 | 0.048 | toxin CptA |
| PMI_RS10955 | down | –2.137 | < 0.001 | major pilin subunit PapA |
| PMI_RS13425 | down | –1.001 | < 0.001 | phosphorelay signal transduction system |
| PMI_RS13430 | down | –1.190 | < 0.001 | TetR/AcrR family transcriptional regulator |
| PMI_RS14090 | down | –1.029 | < 0.001 | putative transport protein |
| PMI_RS14825 | down | –1.315 | 0.017 | Mat/Ecp fimbriae adhesion |
| PMI_RS14830 | down | –1.430 | 0.012 | Mat/Ecp fimbriae outer membrane usher protein |
| PMI_RS14835 | down | –1.349 | 0.037 | Mat/Ecp fimbriae periplasmic chaperone |
| PMI_RS14840 | down | –2.151 | 0.048 | Mat/Ecp fimbriae adhesion |
| PMI_RS15035 | down | –1.003 | 0.027 | cation/acetate symporter |
| PMI_RS15880 | down | –1.250 | < 0.001 | glycerol uptake facilitator protein |
| PMI_RS17135 | down | –1.018 | 0.020 | minor fimbrial subunit |
| PMI_RS18425 | down | – 1.060 | 0.023 | putative oxidoreductase |
Fig. 7
KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs. The x-axis and y-axis represent the numbers of DEGs and KEGG pathway category, respectively.