References
- Abd Alfadil NA, Suliman Mohamed M, Ali MM, El Nima EI. Characterization of pathogenic bacteria isolated from Sudanese banknotes and determination of their resistance profile. Int J Microbiol. 2018;4375164. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4375164
- Abrams BL, Waterman NG. Dirty Money. JAMA. 1972;219(9): 1202–1203. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1972.03190350038011
- Akoachere J, Gaelle N, Dilonga HM, Nkuo-Akenji TK. Public health implications of contamination of Franc CFA (XAF) circulating in Buea (Cameroon) with drug resistant pathogens. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-16
- Belić D, Ilinić M, Burian S, Talapko J, Drenjančević D. Dirty croatian money: how big is the threat? Southeast Eur Med J. 2017;1(1): 5–10. https://doi.org/10.26332/seemedj.v1i1.24
- Ben Dhia Thabet O, Fardeau ML, Joulian C, Thomas P, Hamdi M, Garcia JL, Ollivier B. Clostridium tunisiense sp. nov., a new proteolytic, sulfur-reducing bacterium isolated from an olive mill wastewater contaminated by phosphogypse. Anaerobe. 2004;10(3):185–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2004.04.002
- Bendjama E, Loucif L, Chelaghma W, Attal C, Bellakh FZ, Benaldjia R, Kahlat I, Meddour A, Rolain JM. First detection of an OXA-48-producing Enterobacter cloacae isolate from currency coins in Algeria. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020;23:162–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2020.09.003
- Ejaz H, Javeed A, Zubair M. Bacterial contamination of Pakistani currency notes from hospital and community sources. Pak J Med Sci. 2018;34(5):1225–1230. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.345.15477
- Espírito Santo C, Morais PV, Grass G. Isolation and characterization of bacteria resistant to metallic copper surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010;75(5):1341–1348. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01952-09
- Firoozeh F, Dadgostar E, Akbari H, Zibaei M, Sadjjadian SS, Moshtaghi MM, Shakib A. Bacterial contamination of Iranian paper currency. Int J Enteric Pathog. 2017;5(4):106–110. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijep.2017.25
- Gabriel EM, Coffey A, O’Mahony JM. Investigation into the prevalence, persistence and antibiotic resistance profiles of staphylococci isolated from euro currency. J Appl Microbiol. 2013;115(2):565–571. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12247
- Girma G, Ketema T, Bacha K. Microbial load and safety of paper currencies from some food vendors in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:843. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-843
- Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PA, Staley JT, Williams ST. Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th edition. Baltimore (USA): William and Wilkins; 1994.
- Ianiello NM, Andrade DC, Ivancic S, Eckardt PA, Lemos Ramirez JC. Native valve infective endocarditis due to Micrococcus luteus in a non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma patient. IDCases. 2019;18:e00657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00657
- Kalita M, Palusińska-Szysz M, Turska-Szewczuk A, Wdowiak-Wróbel S, Urbanik-Sypniewska T. Isolation of cultivable microorganisms from Polish notes and coins. Pol J Microbiol. 2013;62(3): 281–286. https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2013-036
- Kraay AM, Hayashi ML, Hernandez-Ceron N, Spicknall IH, Eisenberg MC, Meza R, Eisenberg JS. Fomite-mediated transmission as a sufficient pathway: a comparative analysis across three viral pathogens. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:540. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3425-x
- Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K. MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol. 2018;35(6):1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096
- Logan NA. Bacillus and relatives in foodborne illness. J Appl Microbiol. 2012;112(3):417–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05204.x
- Lopez GU, Gerba CP, Tamimi AH, Kitajima M, Maxwell SL, Rose JB. Transfer efficiency of bacteria and viruses from porous and nonporous fomites to fingers under different relative humidity conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013;79(18):5728–5734. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01030-13
- Lynch P, Pittet D, Borg MA, Mehtar S. Infection control in countries with limited resources. J Hosp Infect. 2007;65(S2):148–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-6701(07)60033-4
- Mändar K, Sõber T, Kõljalg S, Rööp T, Mändar R, and Sepp E. Microbiological contamination of the euro currency in Estonia. Inf Dis. 2016;48(10):772–774. https://doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2016.1201725
- Melander E, Ekdahl K, Jönsson G, Mölstad S. Frequency of penicillin-resistant pneumococci in children is correlated to community utilization of antibiotics. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19(12):1172–1177. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-200012000-00011
- Ramanan P, Barreto JN, Osmon DR, Tosh PK. Rothia bacteremia: a 10-year experience at Mayo clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(9):3184–3189. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01270-14
- Saitou N, Nei M. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol. 1987;4(4):406–425. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454
- Sarwar A, Ahmad I, Amin A, Saleem MA. Paper currency harbours antibiotic-resistant coliform bacteria and integron integrase. J Appl Microbiol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14856
- Seng R, Kitti T, Thummeepak R, Kongthai P, Leungtongkam U, Wannalerdsakun S, Sitthisak S. Biofilm formation of methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) isolated from community and hospital environments. PLOS ONE. 2017; 12(8):e0184172. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184172
- Sergelidis D, Angelidis AS. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a controversial food-borne pathogen. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2017;64(6):409–418. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.12735
- Shi L, Wu D, Wei L, Liu S, Zhao P, Tu B, Xie Y, Liu Y, Wang X, Liu L, Zhang X, Xu Z, Wang F, Qin E. Nosocomial and community-acquired spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with liver cirrhosis in china: comparative microbiology and therapeutic implications. Sci Rep. 2017;7:46025. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46025
- Stephens B, Azimi P, Thoemmes MS, Heidarinejad M, Allen JG, Gilbert JA. Microbial exchange via fomites and implications for human health. Curr Poll Rep. 2019;5:198–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-019-00123-6
- Sunil S, Panchmal GS, Shenoy RP, Kumar V, Jodalli P, Somaraj V. Assessment of microbial contamination of Indian currency notes in circulation – An in vitro study. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent. 2020;18(2):179–182. https://doi.org/10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_77_19
- Tamura K, Nei M, Kumar S. Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101(30):11030–11035. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404206101
- Thomas Y, Vogel G, Suter P, Witschi M, Koch D, Tapparel C, Kaiser L. Survival of Influenza virus on banknotes. Appl Eviron Microbiol. 2008;74(10):3002–3007. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00076-08
- Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994;22(22):4673–4680. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.22.4673
- Vriesekoop F, Russell C, Alvarez-Mayorga B, Aidoo K, Yuan Q, Scannell A, Beumer RR, Barro N, Otokunefor K, Smith-Arnold C, et al. Dirty money: an investigation into the hygiene status of some of the world’s currencies as obtained from food outlets. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2010;7(12):1497–1502. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2010.0606
- Wieland K, Chhatwal P, Vonberg RP. Nosocomial outbreaks caused by Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Results of a systematic review. Am J Infect Control. 2018;46(6):643–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2017.12.014