References
- Ainamo J, Bay I. Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque. Int Dent J. 1975 Dec;25(4):229–235.
- Barboza EP, Arriaga PC, Luz DP, Montez C, Vianna KC. Systematic review of the effect of probiotics on experimental gingivitis in humans. Braz Oral Res. 2020;34:e031. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0031
- Bartold PM, Van Dyke TE. An appraisal of the role of specific bacteria in the initial pathogenesis of periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2019 Jan;46(1):6–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.13046
- Barzegari A, Kheyrolahzadeh K, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Sharifi S, Memar MY, Zununi Vahed S. The battle of probiotics and their derivatives against biofilms. Infect Drug Resist. 2020 Feb;13: 659–672. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S232982
- Caton JG, Armitage G, Berglundh T, Chapple ILC, Jepsen S, Kornman KS, Mealey BL, Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Tonetti MS. A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions – Introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification. J Periodontol. 2018 Jun;89 Suppl 1:S1–S8. https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.18-0157
- Dabdoub SM, Ganesan SM, Kumar PS. Comparative metagenomics reveals taxonomically idiosyncratic yet functionally congruent communities in periodontitis. Sci Rep. 2016 Dec;6(1):38993. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38993
- Dahlen G, Basic A, Bylund J. Importance of virulence factors for the persistence of oral bacteria in the inflamed gingival crevice and in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. J Clin Med. 2019 Aug 29;8(9):1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091339
- Devine DA, Marsh PD, Meade J. Modulation of host responses by oral commensal bacteria. J Oral Microbiol. 2015 Jan;7(1):26941. https://doi.org/10.3402/jom.v7.26941
- Elmer GW, Surawicz CM, McFarland LV. Biotherapeutic Agents. JAMA. 1996 Mar 20;275(11):870–876. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03530350052034
- Geisinger ML, Kaur M, Basma H. Nonsurgical periodontal therapy: a review of current standards of care and innovations to improve gingival and periodontal health. Curr Oral Health Rep. 2019 Sep; 6(3):177–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40496-019-00224-7
- Gruner D, Paris S, Schwendicke F. Probiotics for managing caries and periodontitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2016 May;48:16–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2016.03.002
- Hallström H, Lindgren S, Yucel-Lindberg T, Dahlén G, Renvert S, Twetman S. Effect of probiotic lozenges on inflammatory reactions and oral biofilm during experimental gingivitis. Acta Odontol Scand. 2013 Jan;71(3–4):828–833. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016357.2012.734406
- Hasan A, Palmer RM. A clinical guide to periodontology: pathology of periodontal disease. Br Dent J. 2014 Apr;216(8):457–461. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.299
- Haukioja A. Probiotics and oral health. Eur J Dent. 2010 Jul;04(03): 348–355. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1697851
- Hiranmayi KV, Sirisha K, Ramoji Rao MV, Sudhakar P. Novel pathogens in periodontal microbiology. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2017; 9(3):155–163. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_288_16
- Iniesta M, Herrera D, Montero E, Zurbriggen M, Matos AR, Marín MJ, Sánchez-Beltrán MC, Llama-Palacio A, Sanz M. Probiotic effects of orally administered Lactobacillus reuteri-containing tablets on the subgingival and salivary microbiota in patients with gingivitis. A randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2012 Aug; 39(8):736–744. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2012.01914.x
- Kõll-Klais P, Mändar R, Leibur E, Marcotte H, Hammarström L, Mikelsaar M. Oral lactobacilli in chronic periodontitis and periodontal health: species composition and antimicrobial activity. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2005 Dec;20(6):354–361. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302X.2005.00239.x
- Krasse P, Carlsson B, Dahl C, Paulsson A, Nilsson A, Sinkiewicz G. Decreased gum bleeding and reduced gingivitis by the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri. Swed Dent J. 2006;30(2):55–60.
- Kuru BE, Laleman I, Yalnızoğlu T, Kuru L, Teughels W. The influence of a Bifidobacterium animalis probiotic on gingival health: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Periodontol. 2017 Nov; 88(11):1115–1123. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2017.170213
- Laleman I, Teughels W. Probiotics in the dental practice: a review. Quintessence Int. 2015 Mar;46(3):255–264.
- Laleman I, Yilmaz E, Ozcelik O, Haytac C, Pauwels M, Herrero ER, Slomka V, Quirynen M, Alkaya B, Teughels W. The effect of a streptococci containing probiotic in periodontal therapy: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2015 Nov;42(11): 1032–1041. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12464
- Lee J-K, Kim S-J, Ko S-H, Ouwehand AC, Ma DS. Modulation of the host response by probiotic Lactobacillus brevis CD2 in experimental gingivitis. Oral Dis. 2015 Sep;21(6):705–712. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12332
- Mayanagi G, Kimura M, Nakaya S, Hirata H, Sakamoto M, Benno Y, Shimauchi H. Probiotic effects of orally administered Lactobacillus salivarius WB21-containing tablets on periodontopathic bacteria: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2009 Jun;36(6):506–513. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2009.01392.x
- Mcfarland LV. A review of the evidence of health claims for biotherapeutic agents. Microb Ecol Health Dis. 2000;12(2):65–76.
- Meyle J, Chapple I. Molecular aspects of the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 2015 Oct;69(1):7–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12104
- Montero E, Iniesta M, Rodrigo M, Marín MJ, Figuero E, Herrera D, Sanz M. Clinical and microbiological effects of the adjunctive use of probiotics in the treatment of gingivitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2017 Jul;44(7):708–716. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12752
- Morales A, Carvajal P, Silva N, Hernandez M, Godoy C, Rodriguez G, Cabello R, Garcia-Sesnich J, Hoare A, Diaz PI, et al. Clinical effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. J Periodontol. 2016 Aug;87(8):944–952. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2016.150665
- Nissen L, Sgorbati B, Biavati B, Belibasakis GN. Lactobacillus salivarius and L. gasseri down-regulate Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans exotoxins expression. Ann Microbiol. 2014 Jun;64(2):611–617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-013-0694-x
- O’Leary TJ, Drake RB, Naylor JE. The plaque control record. J Periodontol. 1972 Jan;43(1):38–46. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1972.43.1.38
- Penala S, Kalakonda B, Pathakota K, Jayakumar A, Koppolu P, Lakshmi B, Pandey R, Mishra A. Efficacy of local use of probiotics as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in chronic periodontitis and halitosis: A randomized controlled trial. J Res Pharm Pract. 2016;5(2):86–93. https://doi.org/10.4103/2279-042X.179568
- Piwat S, Sophatha B, Teanpaisan R. An assessment of adhesion, aggregation and surface charges of Lactobacillus strains derived from the human oral cavity. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2015 Jul;61(1):98–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.12434
- Proctor DM, Shelef KM, Gonzalez A, Davis CL, Dethlefsen L, Burns AR, Loomer PM, Armitage GC, Ryder MI, Millman ME, et al. Microbial biogeography and ecology of the mouth and implications for periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000. 2020 Feb;82(1): 26–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12268
- Seminario-Amez M, López-López J, Estrugo-Devesa A, Ayuso-Montero R, Jané-Salas E. Probiotics and oral health: A systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017 May 1;22(3):e282–e288. https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.21494
- Shimauchi H, Mayanagi G, Nakaya S, Minamibuchi M, Ito Y, Yamaki K, Hirata H. Improvement of periodontal condition by probiotics with Lactobacillus salivarius WB21: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Periodontol. 2008 Oct;35(10): 897–905. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2008.01306.x
- Slawik S, Staufenbiel I, Schilke R, Nicksch S, Weinspach K, Stiesch M, Eberhard J. Probiotics affect the clinical inflammatory parameters of experimental gingivitis in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jul;65(7):857–863. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2011.45
- Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Cugini MA, Smith C, Kent RL Jr. Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J Clin Periodontol. 1998 Feb;25(2):134–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02419.x
- Staab B, Eick S, Knöfler G, Jentsch H. The influence of a probiotic milk drink on the development of gingivitis: a pilot study. J Clin Periodontol. 2009 Oct;36(10):850–856. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2009.01459.x
- Takahashi N. Oral microbiome metabolism: from “Who are they?” to “What are they doing?”. J Dent Res. 2015 Dec;94(12):1628–1637. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034515606045
- Terpou A, Papadaki A, Lappa I, Kachrimanidou V, Bosnea L, Kopsahelis N. Probiotics in food systems: significance and emerging strategies towards improved viability and delivery of enhanced beneficial value. Nutrients. 2019 Jul 13;11(7):1591. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071591
- Teughels W, Durukan A, Ozcelik O, Pauwels M, Quirynen M, Haytac MC. Clinical and microbiological effects of Lactobacillus reuteri probiotics in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized placebo-controlled study. J Clin Periodontol. 2013 Nov; 40(11):1025–1035. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12155
- Teughels W, Van Essche M, Sliepen I, Quirynen M. Probiotics and oral healthcare. Periodontol 2000. 2008 Oct;48(1):111–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00254.x
- Tonetti MS, Greenwell H, Kornman KS. Staging and grading of periodontitis: framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition. J Clin Periodontol. 2018 Jun;45 Suppl 20:S149–S161. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12945
- Torres PJ, Thompson J, McLean JS, Kelley ST, Edlund A. Discovery of a novel periodontal disease-associated bacterium. Microb Ecol. 2019 Jan;77(1):267–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-018-1200-6
- Umar D, Basheer B, Baroudi K, Anusha RL. The magic of magic bugs in oral cavity: probiotics. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2015;6(2): 43–47. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.154526
- Van Dyke TE, Bartold PM, Reynolds EC. The nexus between periodontal inflammation and dysbiosis. Front Immunol. 2020 Mar 31;11:511. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00511
- Vivekananda MR, Vandana KL, Bhat KG. Effect of the probiotic Lactobacilli reuteri (Prodentis) in the management of periodontal disease: a preliminary randomized clinical trial. J Oral Microbiol. 2010 Jan;2(1):5344. https://doi.org/10.3402/jom.v2i0.5344
- Xu P, Gunsolley J. Application of metagenomics in understanding oral health and disease. Virulence. 2014 Apr;5(3):424–432. https://doi.org/10.4161/viru.28532
- Zarco MF, Vess TJ, Ginsburg GS. The oral microbiome in health and disease and the potential impact on personalized dental medicine. Oral Dis. 2012 Mar;18(2):109–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01851.x