Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Molecular identification and phenotypical traits of yeast isolates in pigeon feces_
| Yeast isolates ITS ID | Number of isolates | Phenotypic traits | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nit* | Melanin | Urease | Pseudomy* | Capsule | Glu*† | Lact*† | Sucr*† | 37°C‡ | ||
| Cryptococcus neoformans | 11 | – | + | + | – | + | + | – | + | + |
| Cryptococcus albidus | 5 | + | + | + | – | + | + | + | + | + |
| Cryptococcus gattii | 2 | – | + | + | – | + | + | – | + | + |
| Cryptococcus liquefaciens | 1 | + | + | + | – | + | + | + | + | – |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | + | – |
| Millerozyma farinosa | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | + | + | – | + |
| Rhodotorula mucilaginosa | 5 | – | – | + | – | + | + | – | + | – |
| Rhodotorula glutinis | 2 | – | – | + | – | + | – | – | – | + |
| Meyerozyma guilliermondii | 4 | – | – | – | + | – | + | – | + | – |
| Candida glabrata | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | + |
| Cyberlindnera fabianii | 3 | + | – | – | – | – | + | – | + | + |
| Rhodosporidium paludigenum | 2 | + | – | + | – | – | + | – | + | – |
| Lodderomyces elongisporus | 2 | – | – | – | + | – | + | + | – | + |
Detection of virulence factors-encoding genes in yeast species isolated from pigeon feces_
| Yeast isolates ITS ID | Total number of isolates | Virulence factors-encoding genes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAP1 | CAP59 | PLB | ||
| Cryptococcus neoformans | 11 | 6 | 5 | 11 |
| Cryptococcus albidus | 5 | – | – | 5 |
| Cryptococcus gattii | 2 | – | 2 | 2 |
| Cryptococcus liquefaciens | 1 | – | – | – |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 5 | ND | ND | 5 |
| Millerozyma farinosa | 3 | ND | ND | – |
| Rhodotorula mucilaginosa | 5 | ND | ND | – |
| Rhodotorula glutinis | 2 | ND | ND | – |
| Meyerozyma guilliermondii | 4 | ND | ND | – |
| Candida glabrata | 1 | ND | ND | 1 |
| Cyberlindnera fabianii | 3 | ND | ND | – |
| Rhodosporidium paludigenum | 2 | ND | ND | – |
| Lodderomyces elongisporus | 2 | ND | ND | – |
Antifungal susceptibility patterns of yeast species isolated from pigeon feces (diameter zone, mm)_
| Yeast species | Number of isolates | Antifungal agents (A)‡ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ciclopirox-Olamine | Clotrimazole | Fluconazole | Nystatin | ||
| Cryptococcus neoformans | 11 | 29 (S) | 41 (S) | 51 (S) | 22 (S) |
| Cryptococcus albidus | 5 | 33 (S) | 46 (S) | 51 (S) | 22 (S) |
| Cryptococcus gattii | 2 | 31 (S) | 46 (S) | 51 (S) | 28 (S) |
| Cryptococcus liquefaciens | 1 | 28 (S) | 50 (S) | 56 (S) | 25 (S) |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 5 | 54 (S) | 55 (S) | 60 (S) | 35 (S) |
| Millerozyma farinosa | 3 | 41 (S) | 45.3 (S) | 57 (S) | 25 (S) |
| Rhodotorula mucilaginosa | 5 | 42 (S) | 51 (S) | 60 (S) | 35 (S) |
| Rhodotorula glutinis | 2 | 58 (S) | 60 (S) | 56 (S) | 40 (S) |
| Meyerozyma guilliermondii | 4 | 56 (S) | 57.3 (S) | 53 (S) | 48 (S) |
| Candida glabrata | 1 | 33 (S) | 38 (S) | 48 (S) | 22 (S) |
| Cyberlindnera fabianii | 3 | 47 (S) | 45 (S) | 65 (S) | 51 (S) |
| Rhodosporidium paludigenum | 2 | 53 (S) | 50 (S) | 60 (S) | 44 (S) |
| Lodderomyces elongisporus | 2 | 51 (S) | 51 (S) | 58 (S) | 35 (S) |
| Candida albicans ATCC 90028 | 1 | 27 (S) | 30 (S) | 39 (S) | 22 (S) |