Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
An in vitro inhibitory activity of herbal extracts on shrimp pathogenic V_ alginolyticus isolates_
| Plants | Type of extracts | Inhibition zone ratio of herbal extracts for V. alginolyticus isolates | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2A1a | 2A3 | 2A11 | 2V21 | ||
| E. officinalis | Aqueous extract | 5.33 ± 0.64 | 4.17 ± 0.38 | 4.67 ± 0.12 | 4.10 ± 0.44 |
| n-Hexane extract | – | – | – | – | |
| EtOAc extract | 6.1 ± 0.19 | 5.6 ± 0.20 | 5.0 ± 0.23 | 6.1 ± 0.07 | |
| MeOH extract | – | – | – | – | |
| Acetone extract | – | – | – | – | |
| A. sativum | Aqueous extract | 4.00 ± 0.46 | 4.10 ± 0.10 | 4.60 ± 0.53 | 3.80 ± 0.66 |
| n-Hexane extract | 1.9 ± 0.06 | 1.8 ± 0.15 | 1.6 ± 0.05 | 1.8 ± 0.17 | |
| EtOAc extract | 4.1 ± 0.11 | 4.3 ± 0.03 | 3.3 ± 0.05 | 3.8 ± 0.25 | |
| MeOH extract | 2.5 ± 0.06 | 2.1 ± 0.25 | 2.4 ± 0.11 | 1.9 ± 0.15 | |
| Acetone extract | 1.5 ± 0.25 | 1.4 ± 0.15 | 1.4 ± 0.36 | 1.5 ± 0.06 | |
| S. aromaticum | Aqueous extract | 3.93 ± 0.15 | 3.47 ± 0.55 | 3.93 ± 0.21 | 3.50 ± 0.53 |
| n-Hexane extract | 3.5 ± 0.04 | 3.6 ± 0.24 | 3.6 ± 0.13 | 3.8 ± 0.14 | |
| EtOAc extract | – | – | – | – | |
| MeOH extract | 4.9 ± 0.21 | 4.6 ± .17 | 4.0 ± 0.06 | 4.4 ± 0.08 | |
| Acetone extract | 4.3 ± 0.12 | 4.4 ± 0.06 | 4.0 ± 0.15 | 4.1 ± 0.22 | |
| T. indica | Aqueous extract | 1.17 ± 0.40 | 0.97 ± 0.21 | 1.20 ± 0.36 | 0.93 ± 0.15 |
| n-Hexane extract | 1.9 ± 0.09 | 1.8 ± 0.06 | 1.5 ± 0.09 | 1.8 ± 0.21 | |
| EtOAc extract | 1.8 ± 0.14 | 1.9 ± 0.21 | 1.9 ± 0.06 | 1.5 ± 0.08 | |
| MeOH extract | 1.5 ± .22 | 1.5 ± .19 | 1.4 ± 0.08 | 1.4 ± 0.11 | |
| Acetone extract | 2.3 ± 0.12 | 1.8 ± 0.11 | 1.5 ± 0.13 | 1.8 ± 0.05 | |
External symptoms of vibriosis and the site of isolation of pathogen from infected shrimp collected from the shrimp farms_
| Sample No. | Symptoms | Site of isolation |
|---|---|---|
| 01–04 | Deformed and yellowish colored hepatopancreas | Hepatopancreas |
| 05–06 | Blackish colored hepatopancreas | Hepatopancreas |
| 07–11 | Discolored hepatopancreas | Hepatopancreas |
| 12–13 | Yellowish colored hepatopancreas | Hepatopancreas |
| 14–15 | No visible symptom | Hepatopancreas |
Colony, morphological, and biochemical characteristics of Vibrio sp_ isolates_
| Test Type | Test | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Colony characteristics | Color in NA media | Brownish |
| Color in TCBS media | Yellowish | |
| Size | Large | |
| Shape | Round | |
| Elevation | Convex | |
| Morphological characteristics | Shape | Comma |
| Motility | + | |
| Growth in 0% NaCl | – | |
| Growth in 2,4 and 8% NaCl containing media | + | |
| Growth at 4°C | – | |
| Growth at 40°C | + | |
| Biochemical characteristics | Gram’s staining | – |
| Oxidative-Fermentative | F | |
| Oxidase | + | |
| Catalase | + | |
| Acetoin production | – | |
| H2S production | – | |
| Indole | + | |
| Sensitivity to a vibriostatic agent 0/129 | + | |
| Arginine dihydrolase | – | |
| Lysine decarboxylase | + | |
| Acid production from | Glucose | + |
| Arabinose | – | |
| Manitol | + | |
| Sorbitol | + | |
| Sucrose | + |
Iv vitro antibiogram profiles of the V_ alginolyticus isolates_ Eleven commercial antibiotic discs were used_
| Isolates | Inhibition zone ratio against different antibiotics | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Er | Pe | Am | Va | Amp | Le | Cx | Az | Ni | Ce | Ge | |
| 2A1a | R | R | R | R | R | 7.3 ± 0.2 | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 0.3 | 6.8 ± 0.1 | R | 6 ± 0.2 |
| 2A3 | R | R | R | R | R | 7.3 ± 0.3 | 3.7 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 7 ± 0.1 | R | 5.7 ± 0.1 |
| 2A11 | R | R | R | R | R | 7.2 ± 0.1 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 6.5 ± 0.5 | R | 5.8 ± 0.1 |
| 2V21 | R | R | R | R | R | 7.0 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 7.0 ± 0.2 | R | 5.7 ± 0.3 |
Medicinal herbs used for in vitro antibacterial assay against V_ alginolyticus isolates_
| Sl. No. | English name | Scientific name | Plant parts used |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Zinger | Zingiber officinale | Rhizome |
| 2 | Turmeric | Curcuma longa | Rhizome |
| 3 | Clove | Syzygium aromaticum | Bud |
| 4 | Garlic | Allium sativum | Bulb |
| 5 | Onion | Allium cepa | Bulb |
| 6 | Black cumin | Nigella sativa | Seed |
| 7 | Mehogoni | Swietenia mahagoni | Seed |
| 8 | Bottle gourd | Laganaria siceraria | Seed, Fruit |
| 9 | Guava | Psidium guajava | Fruit |
| 10 | Olive | Olea europaea | Fruit |
| 11 | Chilli | Capsicum pendulum | Fruit |
| 12 | Rose periwinkle | Catharanthus roseus | Leaf and flower |
| 13 | Amla | Emblica officinalis | Leaf |
| 14 | Tamarind | Tamarindus indica | Leaf |
| 15 | Arjun | Terminalia arjuna | Leaf |
| 16 | Papaya | Carica papaya | Leaf |
| 17 | Carunda | Carissa carandas | Leaf |
| 18 | Bermuda grass | Cynodon dactylon | Leaf |
| 19 | Neem | Azadiracha indica | Leaf |
| 20 | Pomegranate | Punica granatum | Leaf |
| 21 | Carambola | Averrhoa carambola | Leaf |