Table 1
Means, Standard Deviations and Inter-Correlations between Self–, Peer–, and Ideal Ratings of Authentic Leadership.
| Self-rating | Peer Rating | Ideal Rating | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | M | SD | r | M | SD | r | M | SD | |
| Overall AL | 208 | 2.65 | 0.39 | .32** | 2.55 | 0.30 | .60** | 3.22 | 0.39 |
| Transparency | 209 | 2.57 | 0.50 | .36** | 2.54 | 0.39 | .48** | 3.21 | 0.40 |
| Self-awareness | 207 | 2.57 | 0.53 | .17* | 2.44 | 0.37 | .40** | 3.38 | 0.48 |
| Balanced processing | 209 | 2.71 | 0.51 | .17* | 2.59 | 0.35 | .50** | 3.19 | 0.52 |
| Moral perspective | 208 | 2.67 | 0.57 | .43** | 2.62 | 0.39 | .64** | 3.12 | 0.55 |
[i] Note: AL = Authentic Leadership.
** p < .01. * p < .05.
Table 2
Results from One Sample T-Tests of Authentic Leadership as Ideal and its Components.
| t | p | d | n | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall AL | 8.331 | < .001 | 0.56 | 211 |
| Transparency | 7.474 | < .001 | 0.50 | 211 |
| Self-awareness | 11.511 | < .001 | 0.79 | 210 |
| Balanced processing | 5.001 | < .001 | 0.34 | 211 |
| Moral perspective | 3.132 | .001 | 0.22 | 210 |
[i] Note: All ps based on one-tailed test. AL = Authentic Leadership.
Table 3
Generational Differences in Perceptions of Authentic Leadership as Ideal.
| Younger generation officers | Older generation officers | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | t | df | p | d | |
| Overall AL | 3.15 | 0.37 | 3.32 | 0.39 | 3.180 | 209 | .002 | 0.45 |
| Transparency | 3.18 | 0.39 | 3.24 | 0.41 | 1.064 | 209 | .29 | 0.15 |
| Self-awareness | 3.40 | 0.45 | 3.36 | 0.52 | –0.475 | 208 | .64 | 0.08 |
| Balanced processing | 3.09 | 0.52 | 3.30 | 0.51 | 2.895 | 209 | .004 | 0.41 |
| Moral perspective | 2.93 | 0.48 | 3.37 | 0.54 | 6.195 | 208 | <.001 | 0.87 |
[i] Note: AL = Authentic Leadership.
Figure 1
Simple slopes for authentic leadership as an ideal predicting peer-rated authentic leadership for younger- and older generation officers. One standard deviation below and above the mean on authentic leadership as an ideal is used to plot the slopes.