Figure 1
Modified Presage–Process–Product (3P) framework for analysing learning in educational wargaming.
Table 1
Search Concepts Used for Study Selection.
| Search #1: wargam* OR “war gam*” OR “war-gam*” and (learning OR assessment OR education OR skill* OR pedagogic* OR “learning outcome” OR “learning process” OR “learning condition*” OR knowledge) NOT (“reinforcement learning” OR “machine learning” OR “deep learning” OR “contrastive learning” OR “data mining”) Search #2: Additional searches: journals with special issues on wargaming, Google Scholar, and Keenious. |
Table 2
Criteria Applied in Study Selection.
| INCLUSION | EXCLUSION |
|---|---|
| Mentions Wargaming (synonyms: wargame, “war game”) Addresses learning (including synonyms) Context in Higher education or professional education (including PME) Published in English Publication date 2014–October 2024 Article includes an abstract Peer-reviewed journal article Empirical study with an articulated empirical basis (qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods, or systematic use of secondary material) | Languages other than English Reports and grey literature Posters, workshop papers, and conference presentations Dissertations and theses Studies focusing on primary or secondary education Practice-oriented accounts lacking specification of data sources or empirical material |
Figure 2
Flow chart of the literature search.