Figure 1
The literature selection process according to expanded PRISMA methodology for scoping reviews.
Table 1
How New Technologies Enhance Simulation Exercises for HW Training inspired by the included articles in this study.
| TECHNOLOGY | ENHANCING HW |
|---|---|
| Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) | VR can create fully immersive virtual environments that replicate the sensory experiences of a hybrid conflict zone, enhancing realism and engagement. AR can overlay digital information onto the real world, allowing for training in familiar environments with simulated threats and data feeds. Imagine practicing cyber defense in your actual office with simulated network intrusions overlaid. |
| Artificial Intelligence (AI) | AI can power intelligent and adaptive opposing forces (OPFOR) within simulations, making them more unpredictable and challenging. AI can also analyze trainee performance, provide personalized feedback, and adjust the simulation in real-time based on their actions. |
| Big Data Analytics | Data collected during simulation exercises can be analyzed to identify patterns in trainee decision-making, areas of strength and weakness, and the effectiveness of different strategies. This data-driven approach allows for continuous improvement of both the training scenarios and the trainees’ skills |
| Gamification | Incorporating game-like elements such as scoring, leaderboards, and rewards can increase trainee motivation, engagement, and knowledge retention. This can make the learning process more enjoyable and effective. |
| Cloud-Based Platforms | Cloud technologies enable distributed and collaborative simulations, allowing participants from different geographical locations to train together in a shared virtual environment. This is particularly valuable for international cooperation and interagency training. |
| Serious Games | These are video games designed with a primary purpose beyond pure entertainment, such as training and education. They can offer engaging and interactive ways to learn about the strategic and tactical aspects of HW. |
| Cyber Ranges | Specialized virtual environments that replicate real-world network infrastructure allow trainees to practice cyber defense and offense skills in a safe and controlled setting, crucial for addressing the cyber dimensions of HW. |
| Social Media Simulation Tools | These tools can simulate the spread of disinformation and the dynamics of online social networks, allowing trainees to understand how information operations unfold and practice countering them. |
Table 2
Design Requirements for Preparedness.
| HW TARGET VULNERABILITY | TTX DESIGN IMPERATIVE | OUTCOME/METRIC |
|---|---|---|
| Inter-Agency Seams | Multi-Sectoral Participant Pool: Must include actors from civil service, CI companies (Telecoms, Energy), the media, and security/defense bodies. | Tests the efficiency of Joint Decision-Making Protocols and eliminates gaps in legal and regulatory authority. |
| Cognitive/Information Domain | Scenario Centrality of Disinformation: Injects must include deepfakes, manipulated media, and social bot campaigns that challenge the participants’ sense of objective reality. | Develops Strategic Communications (StratCom) Capabilities and the ability to rapidly counter hostile narratives while maintaining public trust. |
| Grey Zone Ambiguity | Non-Attribution Stressors: The scenario must lack clear evidence of a state-sponsored attack, forcing participants to make policy recommendations based on high probability, not legal certainty. | Measures the group’s Tolerance for Ambiguity and their capacity to initiate Proactive Resilience Measures (e.g., implementing an emergency backup system) before a decisive attack is attributed. |
Table 3
Hybrid Warfare Preparedness: A Simulation Training Table.
| TRAINING GROUP | CORE OBJECTIVES & FOCUS AREAS | SIMULATION METHODOLOGIES & TOOLS | KEY OUTCOMES & SKILLS DEVELOPED | REFERENCES |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citizen Training | Build foundational skills in emergency preparedness, information literacy, and first aid. | Progressive simulations, from tabletop exercises to interactive, gamified scenarios. Hands-on, community-based training. | Skills in identifying disinformation, cyberattacks, and social division tactics. Psychological preparedness and critical thinking against propaganda. Enhanced social cohesion. | Matonytė et al. 2024; Muñiz-Velázquez, 2023; Astafieva et al. 2023; Savchenko and Kurylo, 2018; Markov, 2016; Verbytska et al. 2023 |
| Professional Training | Master advanced, complex simulations of coordinated attacks on critical infrastructure and disinformation. Emphasize ethical dilemmas and strategic thinking. Adapt to new technologies and proactively test counterstrategies. | Integrated scenarios practicing interagency collaboration (police, military, fire, medical). High-fidelity VR/AR simulations of conflict zones with real-time data. Specialized expert-led modules (e.g., cybersecurity, information warfare). | Effective interagency communication. Enhanced preparedness in cybersecurity and public communication. Improved leadership and decision-making in complex digital scenarios. | Khmyrov et al. 2024; Briggs et al. 2021; Tudorache et al. 2023; Cambria et al. 2023; Nussipova et al. 2024; Muñiz-Velázquez, 2023; Makhachashvili et al. 2024 |
| Vulnerable Populations | Require a sensitive, tailored, community-centered approach. Focus on accessibility, cultural sensitivity, and practical information. | Utilize hands-on activities and visual aids. Community-based, peer-led training and home-based support. Must use a trauma-informed approach to ensure a safe learning environment. | Empowerment through diverse methods, trust-building, and ongoing support. Personalized preparedness addressing specific needs (e.g., elderly, refugees, disabled). | Turkelson et al. 2021; Tsvetkova et al. 2017 |