
Transformation in European Defence Supply Chains as Ukraine Conflict Fuels Demand
By: Roland Hellberg and Martin Lundmark
References
- Adjei, S., & Hendricks, C. (2022). Increasing defense contractor competition in a predominately sole source contracting environment (Doctoral dissertation). Acquisition Research Program, NPS-CM-22-018, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA.
- Alvesson, M., & Sköldberg, K. (2008). Tolkning och reflektion. Vetenskapsfilosofi och kvalitativ metod (Interpretation and reflection – Philosophy of science and qualitative method) (2:a Uppl.). Studentlitteratur, Lund.
- Annex. (2018). Annex concerning Security of Supply to the Agreement between the Governments of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden concerning Cooperation in the Defence Materiel Area.
- Antai, I., & Hellberg, R. (2023). Identifying total defense logistics concepts: A comparative study of the Swedish pandemic response. Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 14(2), 208–222. 10.1108/JHLSCM-07-2022-0084
- AP News. (2024, April 30). NATO chief chides allies for not being quicker to help Ukraine.
- Arrangement. (2022). Implementing Arrangement E between the Governments of Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden concerning Security of Supply for Ammunition to the Annex between the Governments of Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden concerning Security of Supply.
- Arrowsmith, S. (2006). The past and the future evolution of EC procurement law: From framework to common code? Public Contract Law Journal, 35(3), 337–384.
- Atlantic Council. (2024). The Ukraine-Turkey defense partnership with the potential to transform Black Sea and Euro-Atlantic security. Available at:
https://www.atlanticcouncil.org - Aulakh, P. S., & Kotabe, M. (1997). Antecedents and performance implications of channel integration in foreign markets. Journal of International Business Studies, 28, 145–175. 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490096
- Axelrod, R. (1984). The evolution of cooperation. Basic Books, New York.
- Axelsson, B., & Easton, G. (Eds.) (1992). Industrial networks: A new view of reality. Routledge, London.
- Baah, C., Acquah, I. S. K., & Ofori, D. (2022). Exploring the influence of supply chain collaboration on supply chain visibility, stakeholder trust, environmental, and financial performances: A partial least square approach. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 29(1), 172–193. 10.1108/BIJ-10-2020-0519
- Barbour, R. S. (2014).
Analysing focus groups . In U. Flick (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis (pp. 313–326). SAGE Publications. 10.4135/9781446282243.n21 - Barney, J. B. (1986). Strategic factor markets: Expectations, luck, and business strategy. Management Science, 32(10), 1231–1241. 10.1287/mnsc.32.10.1231
- Barney, J. B. (1991). The resource-based view of strategy: Origins, implications, and prospects. Journal of Management, 17, 97–211. 10.1177/014920639101700107
- Barney, J. B. (2000).
Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage . In J. A. C. Baum, & F. Dobbin (Eds.), Economics meets sociology in strategic management (Advances in Strategic Management, Vol. 17) (pp. 203–227). Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds. 10.1016/S0742-3322(00)17018-4 - Besch, S. (2016).
Security of supply in EU defence: Friends in need? CER Insight. Centre for European Reform, London. - Bishop, P., & Wiseman, N. (1999). External ownership and innovation in the United Kingdom. Applied Economics, 31(4), 443–450. 10.1080/000368499324156
- Blackhurst, J., Dunn, K. S., & Craighead, C. W. (2011). An empirically derived framework of global supply resiliency. Journal of Business Logistics, 32, 374–391. 10.1111/j.0000-0000.2011.01032.x
- Bode, C., & Wagner, S. M. (2015). Structural drivers of upstream supply chain complexity and the frequency of supply chain disruptions. Journal of Operations Management, 36, 215–228. 10.1016/j.jom.2014.12.004
- Borrell, J. (2024, March 11). Time to strengthen European defence industry. The Diplomatic Service of the European Union. Available at:
https://www.eeas.europa.eu - Bratanova, E. (2004). Legal limits of the national defence privilege in the European Union (Paper 34). Bonn International Center for Conversion, Germany.
- Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2015). Business research methods (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Calcara, A. (2020). Cooperation and non-cooperation in European defence procurement. Journal of European Integration, 42(6), 799–815. 10.1080/07036337.2019.1682567
- Caranta, R. (2023). The EU’s role in ammunition procurement. European Papers: A Journal on Law and Integration, 3, 1047–1056.
- Carr, A. S., & Pearson, J. N. (1999). Strategically managed buyer–supplier relationships and performance outcomes. Journal of Operations Management, 17, 497–519. 10.1016/S0272-6963(99)00007-8
- Cova, B., & Salle, R. (2008). Marketing solutions in accordance with the S-D logic: Co-creating value with customer network actors. Industrial Marketing Management, 37(3), 270–277. 10.1016/j.indmarman.2007.07.005
- Craighead, C. W., Blackhurst, J., Rungtusanatham, M. J., & Handfield, R. B. (2007). The severity of supply chain disruptions: Design characteristics and mitigation capabilities. Decision Sciences, 38(1), 131–156. 10.1111/j.1540-5915.2007.00151.x
- Dabhilkar, M., Birkie, S. E., & Kaulio, M. (2016). Supply-side resilience as practice bundles: A critical incident study. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 36(8), 948–970. 10.1108/IJOPM-12-2014-0614
- Daugherty, P. J. (2011). Review of logistics and supply chain relationship literature and suggested research agenda. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 41(1), 16–31. 10.1108/09600031111101402
- Defense News. (2022). Inside the multinational logistics cell coordinating military aid for Ukraine. Available at:
https://www.defensenews.com - Department of Defense Report. (2022). State of competition within the defense industrial base. Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment, U.S.
- DeVore, M. R. (2021). Armaments after autonomy: Military adaptation and the drive for domestic defence industries. Journal of Strategic Studies, 44(3), 325–359. 10.1080/01402390.2019.1612377
- Dimitrov, D., & Hall, P. (2013). Small arms and light weapons production as part of a national and global defence industry. In Small Arms, Crime and Conflict (pp. 207–227).
- DN. (2024a, January 30). Skyller ifrån sig om sena vapenleveranser. Available at:
https://www.dn.se - DN. (2024b, February 12). Här försöker de jaga ikapp det ryska övertaget. Available at:
https://www.dn.se - Dowlatshahi, S. (2000). Design–buyer–supplier interface: Theory versus practice. International Journal of Production Economics, 63, 111–130. 10.1016/S0925-5273(99)00009-2
- Dubois, A., & Gadde, L. E. (2002). Systematic combining: An abductive approach to case research. Journal of Business Research, 55, 553–560. 10.1016/S0148-2963(00)00195-8
- Durach, C. F., Wieland, A., & Machuca, J. A. D. (2015). Antecedents and dimensions of supply chain robustness: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 45(1/2), 118–137. 10.1108/IJPDLM-05-2013-0133
- Eisenhardt, K. M., & Martin, J. A. (2000). Dynamic capabilities: What are they? Strategic Management Journal, 21(10–11), 1105–1121. 10.1002/1097-0266(200010/11)21:10/11<;1105::AID-SMJ133>3.0.CO;2-E
- Ekström, T., Hilletofth, P., & Skoglund, P. (2021). Towards a purchasing portfolio model for defence procurement – A Delphi study of Swedish defence authorities. International Journal of Production Economics, 233, 1–12. 10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107996
- Ellram, L., & Edis, O. (1996). Case study of successful partnering implementation. International Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management, 32(4), 20–28. 10.1111/j.1745-493X.1996.tb00227.x
- ENDR European Network of Defence-Related Regions. (2023). Act in support of ammunition production. Available at:
https://endr.eu - Ettinger, A. (2011). Neoliberalism and the rise of the private military industry. International Journal, 66(3), 743–764. 10.1177/002070201106600314
- EU Commission. (2014). EU directive on public procurement. Available at:
https://eur-lex.europa.eu - EU Commission. (2024a, March 15). The Commission allocates €500 million to ramp up ammunition production, out of a total of €2 billion to strengthen EU’s defence industry. Available at:
https://defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu - EU Commission. (2024b). ASAP results factsheet, 15 March 2024. Available at:
https://defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu - EU Commission. (2024c). ASAP Results Factsheet 15 MARCH 2024. Available at:
https://defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu/regulation-support-ammunition-production-asap-aims-reinforcing-and-ramping-ammunition-production_en - EU Defence Industry. (2023). The act in support of ammunition production (ASAP) at a glance. Available at:
https://defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu - EU Defence Industry. (2024a). ASAP | Boosting defence production. Available at:
https://defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu/eu-defence-industry/asap-boosting-defence-production_en - EU Defence Industry. (2024b). ASAP Results. Boosting ammunition production. Available at:
https://defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu/document/download/b694b109-fa2c-493e-bf1e-87768ae6469e_en?filename=ASAP%20factsheet.pdf - Fabbrini, F. (2024). European Defence Union ASAP: The act in support of ammunition production and the development of EU defence capabilities in response to the war in Ukraine. European Foreign Affairs Review, 29(1). 10.54648/EERR2024004
- Fiott, D. (2024). From liberalisation to industrial policy: Towards a geoeconomic turn in the European defence market? Journal of Common Market Studies, 62, 1012–1027. 10.1111/jcms.13600
- Fletcher-Chen, C. C. Y., Sharma, A., & Rangarajan, D. (2022). Examining supplier, buyer, and customer triads: The critical role of conflict in interaction processes and product/service innovations. Industrial Marketing Management, 107, 337–352. 10.1016/j.indmarman.2022.10.019
- Flynn, R., Albrecht, L., & Scott, S. D. (2018). Two approaches to focus group data collection for qualitative health research: Maximizing resources and data quality. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 17(1). 10.1177/1609406917750781
- FMV. (2023). Nordisk överenskommelse om produktion av artilleriammunition. Available at:
https://www.fmv.se - FMV. (2024). Avtal om ökad produktion av artilleriammunition. Available at:
https://www.fmv.se - Försvarsdepartementet. (2022). Förordning om stöd för ammunitionsproduktion (ASAP), 2022/23:FPM94.
- Försvarsdepartementet. (2024a). Government presents largest military support package to Ukraine to date. Available at:
https://www.government.se - Försvarsdepartementet. (2024b). EU financial support for increased ammunition production in Sweden. Available at:
https://www.government.se - Försvarsdepartementet. (2024c). Stärkt försvarsförmåga – Sverige som allierad (Ds 2024:6).
- Freyrie, M. (2023). Industrial production in support of European and transatlantic defence. Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI).
- Gadde, L. E. (2021). From channel management towards network coordination – Changing perspectives on distribution arrangements. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 36(13), 42–53. 10.1108/JBIM-05-2020-0244
- Gansler, J. S., Lucyshyn, W., & Rigilano, J. (2014). The impact of globalization of the US defense industrial base. University of Maryland, Acquisition Research Program. 10.21236/ADA613053
- Gao, X., Hewings, G. J. D., & Yang, C. (2022). Offshore, re-shore, re-offshore: What happened to global manufacturing location between 2007 and 2014? Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 15(2), 183–206.
- Gates, W. (1989). Department of Defense procurement policy reform: An evolutionary perspective. The Journal of Cost Analysis, 8(2), 1–32.
- Gombos, K., & Szűcs, A. E. (2019). Review of the European Union’s regulation regarding defence procurement. Economics and Management (pp. 28–34).
- Gov.UK. (2021). Transforming public procurement: Government response to consultation. Available at:
https://www.gov.uk - Grimsey, D., & Lewis, M. K. (2004). Public private partnerships – The worldwide revolution in infrastructure provision and project finance. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. 10.4337/9781845423438
- Guay, T. R. (2007).
Globalization and its implications for the defense industrial base . Monographs, Books, and Publications, 696, US Army War College. - Gules, H. K., & Burgess, T. F. (1996). Manufacturing technology and the supply chain. European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, 2, 31–38. 10.1016/0969-7012(95)00014-3
- Håkansson, C. (2021). Finding its way in EU security and defence cooperation: A view from Sweden. European View, 20(1), 80–87. 10.1177/17816858211004647
- Håkansson, H., & Gadde, L. E. (2018). Four decades of IMP research – The development of a research network. IMP Journal, 12(1), 6–36. 10.1108/IMP-03-2017-0005
- Hartley, K. (2023).
The Case for Markets in Defence: Driving Efficiency and Effectiveness in Military Spending . Institute of Economic Affairs, IEA Perspectives, 6. 10.2139/ssrn.4718138 - Hartman, P. L., Ogden, J. A., Wirthlin, J. R., & Hazen, B. T. (2017). Nearshoring, reshoring, and insourcing: Moving beyond the total cost of ownership conversation. Business Horizons, 60(3), 363–373. 10.1016/j.bushor.2017.01.008
- Hayward, K. (2001). The globalisation of defence industries. Survival, 43, 115–132. 10.1093/survival/43.2.115
- Heidenkamp, H., Louth, J., & Taylor, T. (2013). Governments as customers of defence industries. Whitehall Papers, 81(1), 16–60. 10.1080/02681307.2013.857248
- Hellberg, R. (2023). Swedish public procurement and the defence industry: Obstacles and opportunities. Journal of Defense Analytics and Logistics, 7(2), 103–137. 10.1108/JDAL-12-2022-0015
- Helwig, N. (Ed.). (2021). Strategic autonomy and the transformation of the EU: New agendas for security, diplomacy, trade and technology (FIIA Report 67).
- Herranz-Surrallés, A., Damro, C., & Eckert, S. (2024). The geoeconomic turn of the Single European Market? Conceptual challenges and empirical trends. Journal of Common Market Studies, 62(1). 10.1111/jcms.13591
- Hirsch Ballin, E., Dijstelbloem, H., & de Goede, P. (2020).
The extension of the concept of security . In Security in an interconnected world (Chapter 2). Springer Research for Policy. 10.1007/978-3-030-37606-2 - Hochschorner, E., Hägvall, J., Finnveden, G., Griffing, E., & Overcash, M. (2006). Environmental life cycle assessment of a pre-fragmented high explosive grenade. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 81(3), 461–475. 10.1002/jctb.1446
- Hoffmeister, F. (2023). Strategic autonomy in the European Union’s external relations law. Common Market Law Review, 60(3). 10.54648/COLA2023048
- Hollweck, T. (2015). Robert K. Yin (2014) Case study research design and methods. Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 30(1), 108–110. 10.3138/cjpe.30.1.108
- Holma, A. M., Wiktorin Østensen, M., Holmen, E., & de Boer, L. (2022). Market dialogue in public procurement: Buyer-supplier interfaces and relational abilities. Industrial Marketing Management, 104, 51–67. 10.1016/j.indmarman.2022.04.004
- Hood, C. (1991). A public management for all seasons? Public Administration, 69(1), 3–19. 10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00779.x
- Hood, C. (1995). The “new public management” in the 1980s: Variations on a theme. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 20(2/3), 93–109. 10.1016/0361-3682(93)E0001-W
- Huang, Y., & Wilkinson, I. (2013). The dynamics and evolution of trust in business relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, 42, 455–465. 10.1016/j.indmarman.2013.02.016
- Ikegami, M. (2013). The end of a ‘national’ defence industry? Impacts of globalization on the Swedish defence industry. Scandinavian Journal of History, 38(4), 436–457. 10.1080/03468755.2013.823536
- James, A. (2002). Comparing European responses to defense industry globalization. Defense & Security Analysis, 18(2), 123–143. 10.1080/14751790220132547
- Johanson, J., & Mattsson, L. G. (1987). Interorganizational relations in industrial systems – A network approach compared with the transaction-cost approach. International Studies of Management and Organization, 17(1), 34–48. 10.1080/00208825.1987.11656444
- Jones, S. G. (2023). Empty bins in a wartime environment: The challenge to the US defense industrial base. Rowman & Littlefield.
- Jopp, M., & Schubert, J. (2019). PESCO and new methods of intergovernmental integration. L’Europe en formation, 2, 121–139. 10.3917/eufor.389.0121
- Kalaitzi, D., & Tsolakis, N. (2023).
Facing shortages: Practical strategies to improve supply chain resilience . In Handbook for management of threats: Security and defense, resilience and optimal strategies (pp. 59–80). Springer International Publishing. 10.1007/978-3-031-39542-0_4 - Kleczka, M., Vandercruysse, L., Buts, C., & Du Bois, C. (2023). The spectrum of strategic autonomy in EU defence supply chains. Defence and Peace Economics. 10.1080/10242694.2023.2180588
- Kolk, A., & van Tulder, R. (2010). International business, corporate social responsibility, and sustainable development. International Business Review, 19(2), 119–125. 10.1016/j.ibusrev.2009.12.003
- Kovács, G., & Spens, K. M. (2005). Abductive reasoning in logistics research. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 35(2), 132–144. 10.1108/09600030510590318
- Lieb-Dóczy, E., Börner, A.-R., & MacKerron, G. (2003). Who secures the security of supply? European perspectives on security, competition, and liability. The Electricity Journal, 16(10). 10.1016/j.tej.2003.10.008
- Loska, D., & Higa, J. (2020). The risk to reconstitution: Supply chain risk management for the future of the US Air Force’s organic supply chain. Journal of Defense Analytics and Logistics, 4(1), 19–40. 10.1108/JDAL-03-2019-0005
- Lundberg, A., & Rova, E. (2022). Management reforms in the defence sector. Defence and Peace Economics, 33(4), 454–474. 10.1080/10242694.2021.1888014
- Lundmark, M. (2014). Kockums – The repatriation of the Swedish underwater crown jewel. Défense & Industries, 1(7–8).
- Lundmark, M. (2019).
The Swedish defence industry: Drawn between globalization and the domestic pendulum of doctrine and governance . In The economics of the global defence industry (pp. 290–311). Routledge. 10.4324/9780429466793-15 - Lundmark, M. (2022). The evolution towards the partial strategic autonomy of Sweden’s essential security interests. Defence and Peace Economics, 33(4), 399–420. 10.1080/10242694.2021.1992713
- Lundmark, M., Skoglund, P., & Hertz, S. (2022). Triads as the basis for a flexible and scalable defence logistics network – The Swedish rebuilding of enhanced value co-creation. Paper presented at NoFoMa Conference 2022,
8–10 June , Reykjavik, Iceland. - Mackay, J., Munoz, A., & Pepper, M. (2020). Conceptualising redundancy and flexibility towards supply chain robustness and resilience. Journal of Risk Research, 23(12), 1541–1561. 10.1080/13669877.2019.1694964
- Macnaghten, P., & Myers, G. (2004). Focus groups. In Qualitative research practice (pp. 65–79). 10.4135/9781848608191.d8
- Major, C., & Mölling, C. (2019). PeSCo: The German perspective. ARES Group Policy Paper, 36.
- Mampaey, M. (2001).
Ownership and regulation of the defence industrial base: The French case . In C. Claude (Ed.), The restructuring of the European defence industry – Dynamics of change. European Commission, COST Action A10, Directorate-General for Research. - Manuj, I., & Mentzer, J. T. (2008). Global supply chain risk management strategies. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 38(3), 192–223. 10.1108/09600030810866986
- Markowski, S., & Wylie, R. (2007). The emergence of European defence and defence industry policies. Security Challenges, 3(2), 31–51.
- Markowski, S., Koorey, S., Hall, P., & Brauer, J. (2009). Multi-channel supply chain for illicit small arms. Defence and Peace Economics, 20(3), 171–191. 10.1080/10242690802030903
- McNeil, H. (2024a, March 22). GlobalData: Supply chains pressured amidst global rearmament race. Army Technology.
- McNeil, H. (2024b, April 2). EU boosts Rheinmetall with €130m to ramp up artillery production in Europe. Army Technology.
- Meershoek, N. (2021). The constraints of power structures on EU integration and regulation of military procurement. European Papers, 6(1), 831–868.
- Ministry of Defence. (2021). Defence and Security Industrial Strategy: A strategic approach to the UK’s defence and security industrial sectors (CP 410).
- Monostori, J. (2018). Supply chain robustness: Challenges and opportunities. Procedia CIRP, 67, 110–115. 10.1016/j.procir.2017.12.185
- Morgan, D. L. (1996). Focus groups. Annual Review of Sociology, 22(1), 129–152. 10.1146/annurev.soc.22.1.129
- Morgan, D. L., Krueger, R. A., & King, J. A. (1998). The focus group guidebook. Sage. 10.4135/9781483328164
- Mundebo, I. (2008). Hur styrs staten: Resultat av resultatstyrning (How the state is governed: Results of performance management). Department of Political Science, Stockholm University.
- NATO. (2022). Brussels summit communiqué. Available at:
https://www.nato.int - Neuman, S. G. (2006). Defense industries and global dependency. Orbis, 50(3), 429–451. 10.1016/j.orbis.2006.04.004
- Ostanina, S., & Tardy, T. (2024).
Turbo-charging the EU’s defence industry and security posture . Policy Brief. Hertie School, Jacques Delors Centre. - Pałka, W. (2020). The awakening of private military companies. The Warsaw Institute (pp. 1–15).
- Park, K. (2011).
Flexible and redundant supply chain practices to build strategic supply chain resilience: Contingent and resource-based perspectives (Doctoral dissertation). The University of Toledo. - Patil, K., & Bhaduri, S. (2020). ‘Zero-error’ versus ‘good-enough’: Towards a ‘frugality’ narrative for defence procurement policy. Mind & Society, 19, 43–59. 10.1007/s11299-020-00223-7
- Patterson, J. D. (2012). Basis for a rational defense: Acquiring the right capability. Acquisition Research Program, Naval Postgraduate School, NPS-AM-12-C9P11R01-064 (pp. 321–332).
- Penrose, E. T. (2009). The theory of the growth of the firm. Oxford University Press.
- Politico. (2024). EU doles out €500M for artillery ammunition and missiles as it seeks to match Russia. Available at:
https://www.politico.eu - Reuters. (2023, November 14). EU to miss goal of 1 million shells for Ukraine – Germany’s Pistorius. Reuters. Available at:
https://www.reuters.com - Ruitenberg, R. (2024, April 11). France to spend $540 million on artillery propellant production. Defense News. Available at:
https://www.defensenews.com - Santamaria, L. C. P., Yoo, M. S., & Mittal, V. (2023). The impact of supply chain issues on military training and readiness. Military Review, July-August 2023 (pp. 85–94).
- Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2012). Research methods for business students (6th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
- Sebastian, C. (2023). Act in support of ammunition production (ASAP). European Parliamentary Research Service.
- Sempere, C. M. (2020). A review of market failures in the defence industry. Defence and Peace Economics, 31(6), 642–658. 10.1080/10242694.2019.1581981
- Sheffi, Y. (2007). The resilient enterprise: Overcoming vulnerability for competitive advantage. MIT Press.
- Sigma. (2011). Brief 23 defence procurement. Support for Improvement in Governance and Management.
- Simchi-Levi, D., Wang, H., & Wei, Y. (2018). Increasing supply chain robustness through process flexibility and inventory. Production and Operations Management, 27(8), 1476–1491. 10.1111/poms.12887
- Skove, S. (2023, November). In race to make artillery shells, US, EU see different results. Defense One Today. Available at:
https://www.defenseone.com - SOU 2019:43. (2019). Med tillit följer bättre resultat – Tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning i staten. Finansdepartementet.
- SOU 2022:24. (2022). Materielförsörjningsstrategi – För vår gemensamma säkerhet. Försvarsdepartementet.
- Statskontoret. (2020). Statlig förvaltningspolitik för 2020-talet: En forskningsantologi. Statskontoret, Stockholm.
- Stentoft, J., Mikkelsen, O. S., & Johnsen, T. E. (2015). Going local: A trend towards insourcing of production? Supply Chain Forum: An International Journal, 16(1), 2–13. 10.1080/16258312.2015.11517363
- Stevenson, M., & Spring, M. (2007). Flexibility from a supply chain perspective: Definition and review. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 27(7), 685–713. 10.1108/01443570710756956
- SvT. (2024). Svensk ammunitionsfabrik beviljas EU stöd. Available at:
https://www.svt.se - Teece, D. (2010). Business models, strategy and innovation. Long Range Planning, 43(2–3), 172–194. 10.1016/j.lrp.2009.07.003
- Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509–533. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199708)18:7<;509::AID-SMJ882>3.0.CO;2-Z
- Teer, J., & Bertolini, M. (2022). Survey outcome: Threats to the supply of critical raw materials for semiconductors. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies.
- Teknik och Säkerhetsforum. (2023, December 13). Kamp om EU-pengar till ammunition. Available at:
https://www.tekniksakerhetsforum.se - Trybus, M. (2002). Procurement for the armed forces: Balancing security and the internal market. European Law Review (pp. 641–662).
- UK Parliament. (2024). Military assistance to Ukraine since the Russian invasion. Available at:
https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk - Ukraine Donor Platform. (2024). Available at:
https://ukrainedonorplatform.com - U.S. Department of State. (2024). U.S. security cooperation with Ukraine – Fact sheet. Available at:
https://www.state.gov - Verellen, T., & Hofer, A. (2023). The unilateral turn in EU trade and investment policy. European Foreign Affairs Review, 28(Special). 10.54648/EERR2023011
- VG. (2024). Norsk forsvarsindustri får EU-pengar til å produsere ammunisjon. Available at:
https://www.vg.no - Weiss, M., & Blauberger, M. (2016). Judicialized law-making and opportunistic enforcement: Explaining the EU’s challenge of national defence offsets. Journal of Common Market Studies, 54, 444–462. 10.1111/jcms.12290
- Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171–180. 10.1002/smj.4250050207
- Wilhite, A., Burns, L., Patnayakuni, R., & Tseng, F. (2014). Military supply chains and closed-loop systems: Resource allocation and incentives in supply sourcing and supply chain design. International Journal of Production Research, 52(7), 1926–1939. 10.1080/00207543.2013.787173
- Yin, R. K. (2003). Designing case studies. Qualitative Research Methods, 5(14), 359–386.
- Yoho, K. D., Rietjens, S., & Tatham, P. (2013). Defence logistics: An important research field in need of researchers. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 43(2), 80–96. 10.1108/IJPDLM-03-2012-0079
- Zandee, D., Deen, B., Kruijver, K., & Stoetman, A. (2020). European strategic autonomy in security and defence – Now the going gets tough, it’s time to get going. Clingendael Report, Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
- Zsidisin, G. A., & Ellram, L. (2003). An agency theory investigation of supply risk management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 39(3). 10.1111/j.1745-493X.2003.tb00156.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.303 | Journal eISSN: 2596-3856
Language: English
Page range: 17 - 39
Submitted on: Jun 27, 2024
Accepted on: Jan 6, 2025
Published on: Jan 21, 2025
Published by: Scandinavian Military Studies
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
© 2025 Roland Hellberg, Martin Lundmark, published by Scandinavian Military Studies
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.