Resisting – But What? How Finnish National Defence University Students Make Sense of Equality Training
By: Suvi Kouri
References
- ABDI (The Advisory Board for Defence Information). (2024). Finns’ opinions on foreign and security policy, national defence and security. Helsinki: Ministry of Defence.
https://www.defmin.fi/files/5891/MTS_tammikuu_2024_Suomalaisten_mielipiteita_ulko-ja_turvallisuuspolitiikasta_maanpuolustuksesta_ja_turvallisuudesta_FINAL.pdf - Acker, J. (2000). Revisiting class: Thinking from gender, race, and organizations. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 7(2), 192–214. DOI: 10.1093/sp/7.2.192
- Alvesson, M., & Willmott, H. (2002). Identity regulation as organizational control: Producing the appropriate individual. Journal of Management Studies, 39(5), 619–644. DOI: 10.1111/1467-6486.00305
- Alvinius, A., & Holmberg, A. (2019). Silence-breaking butterfly effect: Resistance towards the military within #MeToo. Gender, Work & Organization, 26(9), 1255–1270. DOI: 10.1111/gwao.12349
- Alvinius, A., & Holmberg, A. (2021). Blaming and shaming in the shadow structure: Individual resistance towards gender equality work as expressions of social conflict. Feminist Media Studies, 23(1), 83–100. DOI: 10.1080/14680777.2021.1973062
- Alvinius, A., Holmberg, A., & Johansson, E. (2019). Do military leaders resist organizational challenges? Journal of Resistance Studies, 1(5), 34–60.
- Army. (2022, March 9).
1588 naista haki vapaaehtoiseen asepalvelukseen. [1588 women applied for voluntary military service] . Maavoimat.https://maavoimat.fi/1588-naista-haki-vapaaehtoiseen-aselpalvelukseen - Brown, V., & Okros, A. (2018).
New leaders, ‘new wars’: A reflective approach to applying gender and cultural perspectives . In D. J. Watola & A. MacIntyre (Eds.), From knowing to doing: International perspectives on leading effectively (pp. 235–290). Winnipeg: The Wing Publishing Office. - Collinson, D. L. (2003). Identities and insecurities: Selves at work. Organization, 10(3), 527–547. DOI: 10.1177/13505084030103010
- Connell, R. (2005). Advancing gender reform in large-scale organisations: A new approach for practitioners and researchers. Policy and Society, 24(4), 5–24. DOI: 10.1016/S1449-4035(05)70066-7
- Coronges, K. A., Miller, K. A., Tamayo, C. I., & Ender, G. M. (2013). A network evaluation of attitudes toward gays and lesbians among U.S. military cadets. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(11), 1557–1580. DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2013.824322
- Davis, K. D., & McKee, B. (2004).
Women in the military: Facing the warrior framework . In F. C. Pinch, A. T. MacIntyre, P. Browne & A. C. Okros (Eds.), Challenge and change in the military: Gender and diversity issues (pp. 52–75). Winnipeg: The Wing Publishing Office. - Defence Command. (2023). Puolustusvoimien henkilöstötilinpäätös [Annual report on personnel of the FDF]. Helsinki: Puolustusvoimat, Pääesikunta, Henkilöstöosasto.
https://puolustusvoimat.fi/documents/1948673/0/Puolustusvoimien+henkilo%CC%88sto%CC%88tilinpa%CC%88a%CC%88to%CC%88s_2023.pdf/ae38f695-b2cb-de61-f376-d4bd451ee824/Puolustusvoimien+henkilo%CC%88sto%CC%88tilinpa%CC%88a%CC%88to%CC%88s_2023.pdf?t=1712149089394 - Do, J. J., & Samuels, S. M. (2020). I am a warrior: An analysis of the military masculine-warrior narrative among U.S. Air Force officer candidates. Armed Forces & Society, 47(1), 25–47. DOI: 10.1177/0095327X20931561
- Goldstein, J. S. (2001). War and gender: How gender shapes the war system and vice versa. Cambridge: University Press.
- Graneheim, U. H., Lindgren, B.-M., & Lundman, B. (2017). Methodological challenges in qualitative content analysis: A discussion paper. Nurse Education Today, 56, 29–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2017.06.002
- Haaland, T. L. (2012).
Friendly war-fighters and invisible women: Perceptions of gender and masculinities in the Norwegian armed forces on missions abroad . In A. Kronsell & E. Svedberg (Eds.), Making gender, making war: Violence, military and peacekeeping practices (pp. 63–75). New York: Routledge. - Harries-Jenkins, G. (2004).
Institution to occupation to diversity . In F. C. Pinch, A. T. MacIntyre, P. Browne & A. C. Okros (Eds.), Challenge and change in the military: Gender and diversity issues (pp. 26–51). Winnipeg: The Wing Publishing Office. - Heinecken, L. (2009). A diverse society, a representative military? The complexity of managing diversity in the South African armed forces. Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies, 37(1), 25–49. DOI: 10.5787/37-1-58
- Heinecken, L., & Soeters, J. (2018).
Managing diversity: From exclusion to inclusion and valuing difference . In G. Caforio & M. Nuciari (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of the military (2nd ed., pp. 327–339). Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71602-2_16 - Holmberg, A. (2023). Bodies that challenge the military social order: Unpacking institutional resistance against veganism in the military. Critical Military Studies. DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2023.2188730
- Holmberg, A., & Alvinius, A. (2019). How pressure for change challenges military organizational characteristics. Defence Studies, 19(2), 130–148. DOI: 10.1080/14702436.2019.1575698
- Holmberg, A., & Alvinius, A. (2023). Organizational resistance through organizing principles: The case of gender equality in the military. Gender in Management, ahead-of-print(No. ahead-of-print). DOI: 10.1108/GM-05-2022-0180
- Johansson, E., & Lilja, M. (2013). Understanding power and performing resistance: Swedish feminists, civil society voices, biopolitics and “angry” men. NORA – Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 21(4), 264–279. DOI: 10.1080/08038740.2013.858569
- King, A. (2013). The combat soldier: Infantry tactics and cohesion in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199658848.001.0001
- Kouri, S. (2023). Finnish military officer identities and micro-political resistance. Armed Forces & Society, 49(1), 160–178. DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211054116
- Kümmel, G. (2002). When boy meets girl: The ‘feminization’ of the military. An introduction also to be read as a postscript. Current Sociology, 50(5), 615–639. DOI: 10.1177/0011392102050005002
- Kümmel, G. (2018).
Military identity and identity within the military . In G. Caforio & M. Nuciari (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of the military (2nd ed., pp. 477–493). Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71602-2_25 - Leinonen, M., Nikkanen, R., & Otonkorpi-Lehtoranta, K. (2012).
Sukupuolten tasa-arvo puolustusvoimissa – Kehittämistarpeiden näkökulma asepalvelusta suorittavien ja henkilöstön kokemuksiin [Gender equality in Finnish Defence Forces – The perspective of development needs for the experiences of conscripts and personnel] . Työraportteja/Working Papers, 88. Tampere: Tampereen yliopisto.https://trepo.tuni.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/66376/sukupuolten_tasa_arvo_puolustusvoimissa_2012.pdf - Leinonen, M., Nikkanen, R., & Otonkorpi-Lehtoranta, K. (2018).
Naisten ja miesten eriarvoisen kohtelun syyt asepalveluksen koulutustoiminnassa [The reasons for unequal treatment of men and women in training in military service] . Kasvatus, 49(3), 198–212.https://trepo.tuni.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/105299/naisten_ja_miesten_eriarvoisen_kohtelun_2018.pdf?sequence=1 - Leinonen, M., Nikkanen, R., & Otonkorpi-Lehtoranta, K. (2020).
Puolustusvoimien tasa-arvotilanne [The equality situation in the Finnish Defence Forces] . Tutkimusraportti. Tampere: Tampereen yliopisto.https://trepo.tuni.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/120043/978-952-03-1451-4.pdf?sequence=2 - Leinonen, M., Otonkorpi-Lehtoranta, K., & Nikkanen, R. (2017).
Naisten ja miesten osallisuus ja vuorovaikutus asepalveluksessa tasa-arvon näkökulmasta [The inclusion and interaction of women and men in military service from the equality point of view] . Tampere: Tampereen yliopisto.https://trepo.tuni.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/102294/WP_ty%C3%B6raportti%2096%202017.pdf?sequence=1 - Lilja, M. (2008). Power, resistance and women politicians in Cambodia: Discourses of emancipation. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
- Lombardo, E., & Mergaert, L. (2013). Gender mainstreaming and resistance to gender training: A framework for studying implementation. NORA – Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 21(4), 296–311. DOI: 10.1080/08038740.2013.851115
- Mellström, U. (2012). Changing affective economies of masculine machineries and military masculinities? From Ernst Jünger to Shannen Rossmiller. Masculinities and Social Change, 2(1), 1–19. DOI: 10.4471/mcs.2013.19
- Moskos, C. C., Williams, J. A., & Segal, D. R. (Eds.) (2000). The postmodern military: Armed forces after the Cold War. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Norheim-Martinsen, P. M. (2016). New sources of military change – Armed forces as normal organizations. Defence Studies, 16(3), 312–326. DOI: 10.1080/14702436.2016.1195234
- Nuciari, M. (2018).
Participation and change in gendered organisations: Women in the military forces . In G. Caforio & M. Nuciari (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of the military (pp. 301–326). Cham: Springer International Publishing AG. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71602-2_15 - Pendlebury, J. (2020). “This is a man’s job”: Challenging the masculine “warrior culture” at the U.S. Air Force Academy. Armed Forces & Society, 46(1), 163–184. DOI: 10.1177/0095327X18806524
- Sasson-Levy, O. (2003). Feminism and military gender practices: Israeli women soldiers in “masculine” roles. Sociological Inquiry, 73(3), 440–465. DOI: 10.1111/1475-682X.00064
- Segal, D. R., & Segal, M. W. (2004).
America’s military population . Population Bulletin, 59(4), 1–16.https://www.prb.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/americas-military-population.pdf - Sherrer, B. J. (2012).
Reframing the diversity discussion: the need for internal dialogue . In D. P. McDonald & K. M. Parks (Eds.), Managing diversity in the military: The value of inclusion in a culture of uniformity (pp. 9–32). Abingdon: Routledge. - Silvasti, T. (2014).
Sisällönanalyysi [Content analysis] . In I. Massa (Ed.), Polkuja yhteiskuntatieteelliseen ympäristötutkimukseen (pp. 33–48). Helsinki: Gaudeamus Helsinki University Press. - Sløk-Andersen, B. (2018). The becoming of good soldiers: An ethnographic exploration of gender and other obstacles in the military borderland. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen.
https://research-api.cbs.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/58400870/Beate_Sl_k_Andersen.pdf - Thomas, R., Mills, A. J., & Helms Mills, J. (2004).
Introduction: Resisting gender, gendering resistance . In R. Thomas, A. Mills & J. Helms Mills (Eds.), Identity politics at work: Resisting gender, gendering resistance (pp. 1–19). Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780203358269_chapter_1 - Tuomi, J., & Sarajärvi, A. (2018). Laadullinen tutkimus ja sisällönanalyysi [Qualitative research and content analysis]. Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Tammi.
- Via, S. (2010).
Gender, militarism, and globalization: Soldiers for hire and hegemonic masculinity . In L. Sjoberg & S. Via (Eds.), Gender, war and militarism: Feminist perspectives (pp. 42–53). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Security International. DOI: 10.5040/9798400655999.ch-003 - Williams, J. A. (2000).
The postmodern military reconsidered . In C. C. Moskos, J. A. Williams & D. R. Segal (Eds.), The postmodern military: Armed forces after the Cold War (pp. 265–278). New York: Oxford University Press. - Woodward, R., & Duncanson, C. (Eds.) (2017). The Palgrave international handbook of gender and the military. London: Springer Nature. DOI: 10.1057/978-1-137-51677-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.274 | Journal eISSN: 2596-3856
Language: English
Page range: 131 - 144
Submitted on: Feb 26, 2024
Accepted on: Aug 2, 2024
Published on: Aug 21, 2024
Published by: Scandinavian Military Studies
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
© 2024 Suvi Kouri, published by Scandinavian Military Studies
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.