
Creating the Joint Arctic Command: Cutting Cost or Preparing for the Future? Strategic Culture, Arctic Security and Strategic Reasoning within the Kingdom of Denmark
By: Jeppe Strandsbjerg and Rasmus Dahlberg
References
- Ackrén, M. (2022). Development of autonomy in Greenland – From home rule to self-government. In Autonomy arrangements in the world, 2nd edition. DOI: 10.57749/T2FH-FY42
- Åtland, K. (2008). Mikhail Gorbachev, the Murmansk Initiative, and the desecuritization of interstate relations in the Arctic. Cooperation and Conflict, 43(3), 289–311. DOI: 10.1177/0010836708092838
- BBC. (2009, July 16). Denmark plans forces for Arctic. Retrieved from
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8154181.stm - Bjarnasson, B. (1972). The security of Iceland. Cooperation and conflict, 7(3/4), 193–208. DOI: 10.1177/001083677200700304
- Brøndum, C. (2007). “På vej mod lukning i Nordatlanten”. Berlingske Tidende. 27 August, Section 1, p. 8.
- Brøndum, C., & Ringsmose, J. (2018). Frihedens pris – så lav som mulig: NATO, Danmark og forsvarsbudgetterne. Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag.
- Christensen, J. O. (2019). Arktis – en ny forsvarsopgave for Rigsfællesskabet. Krigshistorisk Tidsskrift, 55(3), 3–18.
- Dahlberg, R. (2005). 1983: Den kolde krigs højdepunkt. Copenhagen: Aschehoug.
- Dahlberg, R. (2019). Mellem kyst og krig. Søværnets civile og nationale opgaver. Copenhagen: Gads Forlag.
- DUPI. (1997). Greenland during the Cold War. Danish and American security policy 1945–1968. Copenhagen: Danish Institute of International Affairs (DUPI).
- Ejsing, J. (2009). “Danmark opruster i Arktis”. Berlingske 14. july 2009, kl. 21.04.
https://www.berlingske.dk/samfund/danmark-opruster-i-arktis - Forsvarskommandoen. (2006). Rapport vedr. analyse af nordatlantiske kommandoer. Copenhagen: Forsvarskommandoen.
- Forsvarskommandoen. (2011). Rapport vedrørende placering af værnsfælles arktisk kommando. Copenhagen: Forsvarskommandoen.
- Forsvarsministeriet. (2009). Danish Defence Agreement 2010–2014. Copenhagen: Forsvarsministeriet.
- Forsvarsministeriet. (2016). Forsvarets fremtidige opgaveløsning i Arktis. Copenhagen: Forsvarsministeriet.
- Forsvarsministeriet. (2023). Vilje og evne til at tage ansvar. Dansk forsvar og sikkerhed 2024–2033. Copenhagen: Forsvarsministeriet.
- Gad, U. P. (2020).
Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and Denmark: Unity or Community? In P. M. Christiansen, J. Elklit & P. Nedergaard (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Danish politics. Oxford University Press, 28–45. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198833598.013.3 - Haftendorn, H. (2011). NATO and the Arctic: is the Atlantic alliance a Cold War relic in a peaceful region now faced with non-military challenges? European Security, 20(3), 337–361. DOI: 10.1080/09662839.2011.608352
- Henriksen, A., & Rahbek-Clemmensen, J. (2017). Grønlandskortet: Arktis’ betydning for Danmarks indflydelse i USA. Københavns Universitet: Center for Militære Studier.
- Hilde, P. S. (2014).
Armed forces and security challenges in the Arctic . In Geopolitics and security in the Arctic (pp. 161–179). Routledge. - Huebert, R. (2010). The newly emerging Arctic security environment. Calgary: Canadian Defence And Foreign affairs Institute.
- Jacobsen, M., & Strandsbjerg, J. (2017). Desecuritization as Displacement of Controversy: geopolitics, law and sovereign rights in the Arctic. Politik, 20(3). DOI: 10.7146/politik.v20i3.97151
- Jakobsen, P. V. (2019). Policy-fællesskaber, standard-og krisestyringsprocedurer: det oversete institutionelle grundlag for den brede opbakning til Danmarks aktivistiske udenrigspolitik. Politica, 51(2), 139–67. DOI: 10.7146/politica.v51i2.131143
- Jakobsen, P. V. (2020).
Military strategy-making in Denmark –- Retaining “best ally” status with minimum spending . In J. H. Matlary & R. Johnson (Eds.), Military strategy in the twenty-first century: The challenge for NATO. London: Hurst Publishers, 415–432, 552–556. - Jakobsen, P. V. (2023, April 21). Ukrainedonationer er Danmarks nye trumfkort i NATOs byrdedelingsspil. Ræson.
https://www.raeson.dk/2023/peter-viggo-jakobsen-i-raeson-soendag-ukrainedonationer-er-danmarks-nye-trumfkort-i-natos-byrdedelingsspil/ - Jensen, P. H. (2011). Støt kurs – Flåden ved Grønland i 275 år, Grønlands Kommando i 60 år. Lyngby: Nautilus Forlag.
- Johnston, A. I. (1995). Thinking about strategic culture. International Security, 19(4), 32–64. DOI: 10.2307/2539119
- Jørgensen, H. J., & Rahbek-Clemmensen, J. (2009). Hold hovedet koldt! Copenhagen: Danish Institute for Military Studies.
- KNR. (2009, July 8). Kleist: Militær oprustning giver bedre beredskab.
https://knr.gl/da/nyheder/kleist-militær-oprustning-giver-bedre-beredskab - Krog, A. (2023, April 30). Regeringen vil prioritere Arktis over Østersøen i forsvarsforlig. Altinget.
https://www.altinget.dk/arktis/artikel/regeringen-vil-prioritere-arktis-over-oestersoeen-i-forsvarsforlig - Landmark, M. G. (2012): Står strategisk kultur i vejen for nordisk samarbejde? Afgangsprojekt, Stabskursus 2011–12. Copenhagen: Forsvarsakademiet.
- Larsen, E. S. (2020). Færøernes militærgeografiske betydning for USA og NATO. Internasjonal Politikk, 78(3), 233–256. DOI: 10.23865/intpol.v78.1807
- Lidegaard, B. (2020). Uden Mandat – En biografi om Henrik Kaufmann. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
- Mariager, R., & Wivel, A. (2019). Hvorfor gik Danmark i krig? Uvildig udredning af baggrunden for Danmarks militære engagement i Kosovo, Afghanistan og Irak. Copenhagen: Københavns Universitet.
- Neumann, I. B., & Heikka, H. (2005). Grand strategy, strategic culture, practice: The social roots of Nordic defence. Cooperation and conflict, 40(1), 5–23. DOI: 10.1177/0010836705049731
- Olesen, M. R., Hansen, F. S., Patey, L., Kjærgaard, S., Sørensen, C. T. N., Nielsen, R. L., Jacobsen, M., & Banke, C. F. S. (2020). Nye sikkerhedspolitiske dynamikker i Arktis: muligheder og udfordringer for Kongeriget Danmark. DIIS: Dansk Institut for Internationale Studier.
- Petersen, N. (2008).
Truslen i nord . In H. Mortensen (Ed.), Helt forsvarligt? Danmarks miltære udfordringer i en usikker fremtid (pp. 91–107). Copenhagen: Gyldendal. - Petersen, N. (2009).
The Arctic as a new arena for Danish foreign policy: The Ilulissat Initiative and its implications . In N. Hvidt & H. Mouritzen (Eds.), Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook (pp. 35–78). Institut for Internationale Studier/Dansk Center for Internationale Studier og Menneskerettigheder. - Rahbek-Clemmensen, J. (2014). “Arctic-vism” in practice: The challenges facing Denmark’s political-military strategy in the High North. Arctic Yearbook, 399–414.
https://portal.findresearcher.sdu.dk/en/publications/arctic-vism-in-practice-the-challenges-facing-denmarks-political- - Rahbek-Clemmensen, J. (2017).
The Arctic turn: How did the High North become a foreign and security policy priority for Denmark? In Greenland and the International Politics of a Changing Arctic (pp. 54–69). Routledge. - Rasmussen, M. V. (2005). ‘What’s the use of it?’: Danish strategic culture and the utility of armed force. Cooperation and Conflict, 40(1), 67–89. DOI: 10.1177/0010836705049735
- SIPRI. (2022). Information from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Military Expenditure Database. DOI: 10.55163/CQGC9685
- Snyder, J. (1977). The Soviet Strategic Culture: Implications for Limited Nuclear Operations. RAND.
- Staun, J. (2021).
I krig med Vesten: Russisk militær-strategisk kultur . In Niels Bo Poulsen & Jørgen Staun (Eds.), Rusland som militær stormagt (pp. 63–106). Copenhagen: Djøf Forlag. - Staun, J., & Sørensen, C. T. N. (2023). Incompatible strategic cultures limit Russian-Chinese strategic cooperation in the Arctic. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 6(1), 24–39. DOI: 10.31374/sjms.178
- Strandsbjerg, J. (2021).
Freezing cartographic imaginaries: Mapping the rediscovery of Greenland and the restoring of the Danish monarchy . In L. Lobo-Guerrero, F. dos Reis & L. Lo Presti (Eds.), Mapping, Connectivity and the Making of European Empires (pp. 51–75). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. - Strandsbjerg, J. (2022). Kortlægning og suverænitet i Grønland. Copenhagen: DIIS.
- UM, UD & UM. (2011). Kongeriget Danmarks strategi for Arktis 2011–2020. Fælles udgivelse København: Udenrigsministeriet; Nuuk: Udenrigsdirektoratet; Tórshavn: Udenrigsministeriet.
- Villaume, P. (1995). Allieret med forbehold: Danmark, NATO og den kolde krig: en studie i dansk sikkerhedspolitik 1949–1961. Copenhagen: Eirene.
- Vigsø, S. (2009). “Danmark opruster i Arktis”. DR 14. July.
https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/danmark-opruster-i-arktis - Wivel, A. (2020). Evig aktivisme i uendelig krig: sikkerhed, status og strategisk kultur i dansk udenrigspolitik. Internasjonal Politikk, 78(3), 411–420. DOI: 10.23865/intpol.v78.2536
- Wivel, A. (2021).
The grand strategies of small states . In T. Balzacq & R. R. Krebs (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Grand Strategy (pp. 490–505). Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198840299.013.32
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.228 | Journal eISSN: 2596-3856
Language: English
Page range: 48 - 61
Submitted on: Jul 31, 2023
Accepted on: Feb 22, 2024
Published on: Mar 20, 2024
Published by: Scandinavian Military Studies
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
© 2024 Jeppe Strandsbjerg, Rasmus Dahlberg, published by Scandinavian Military Studies
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.