Accepted as Soldiers? Exploring Female Identity Performance and Whistleblowing Dynamics in the Norwegian Army
References
- Alchin, A., Gouws, A., & Heinecken, L. (2018). Making a difference in peacekeeping operations: Voices of South African women peacekeepers. African Security Review, 27(1), 1–19. DOI: 10.1080/10246029.2017.1406381
- Anvari, F., Wenzel, M., Woodyatt, L., & Haslam, S. A. (2019). The social psychology of whistleblowing: An integrated model. Organizational Psychology Review, 9(1), 41–67. DOI: 10.1177/2041386619849085
- Batolas, D., Perkovic, S., & Mitkidis, P. (2022, 2022/10/25). Psychological and Hierarchical Closeness as Opposing Factors in Whistleblowing: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Business and Psychology. DOI: 10.1007/s10869-022-09849-5
- Berger, P. L. (1963). Invitation to Sociology: A Humanistic Perspective. Doubleday.
- Bergman Rosamond, A., & Kronsell, A. (2018). Cosmopolitan militaries and dialogic peacekeeping: Danish and Swedish women soldiers in Afghanistan. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 20(2), 172–187. DOI: 10.1080/14616742.2017.1378449
- Bjerke, T. A., & Rones, N. (2017). The fine line between funny and offensive humour in a total institution. Res Militaris, 7(2), 1–23.
- Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Prentice-Hall.
- Boldry, J., Wood, W., & Kashy, D. A. (2001). Gender Stereotypes and the Evaluation of Men and Women in Military Training. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 689–705. DOI: 10.1111/0022-4537.00236
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Brownson, C. (2014). The Battle for Equivalency: Female US Marines Discuss Sexuality, Physical Fitness, and Military Leadership. Armed Forces & Society, 40(4), 765–788. DOI: 10.1177/0095327X14523957
- Burke, P. J., & Stets, J. E. (2009). Identity Theory. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388275.001.0001
- Butler, J. (1999). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (10th-anniversary edition.). Routledge.
- Carreiras, H. (2006). Gender and the Military. Women in the Armed Forces of Western Democracies. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780203969038
- Charon, J. M. (2001). Symbolic Interactionism: An Introduction, An Interpretation, An Integration (7th ed.). Prentice-Hall.
- Collins-Dogrul, J., & Ulrich, J. R. (2018). Fighting Stereotypes: Public Discourse about Women in Combat. Armed Forces & Society, 44(3), 436–459. DOI: 10.1177/0095327X17715650
- Connell, R. (1987). Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics. Polity Press.
- Connell, R. (2005). Masculinities (2nd ed.). Polity Press.
- Connell, R. W. (1995). Masculinities. Polity Press.
- Coser, L. A. (1974). Greedy Institutions: Patterns of Undivided Commitment. The Free Press.
- Craib, I. (1998). Experiencing Identity. Sage. DOI: 10.4135/9781446278963
- Crowther, S., Ironside, P., Spence, D., & Smythe, L. (2017). Crafting Stories in Hermeneutic Phenomenology Research: A Methodological Device. Qualitative Health Research, 27(6), 826–835. DOI: 10.1177/1049732316656161
- Desan, S. (2019). Recent Historiography on the French Revolution and Gender. Journal of Social History, 52(3), 566–574. DOI: 10.1093/jsh/shy079
- Deschamps, M. (2015). External review into sexual misconduct and sexual harassment in the Canadian Armed Forces.
- Deutsch, F. M. (2007). Undoing Gender. Gender and Society, 21(1), 106–127. DOI: 10.1177/0891243206293577
- Do, J. J., & Samuels, S. M. (2021). I Am a Warrior: An Analysis of the Military Masculine-Warrior Narrative Among US Air Force Officer Candidates. Armed Forces & Society, 47(1), 25–47. Article 0095327x20931561. DOI: 10.1177/0095327X20931561
- Doan, A. E., & Portillo, S. (2016). Not a woman, but a soldier: Exploring identity through translocational positionality. Sex Roles, 76, 236–249. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-016-0661-7
- Dunn, M. (2015). All at sea – gender and leadership in Britain’s Royal Navy (RN). Gender in Management, 30(6), 434–456. DOI: 10.1108/GM-11-2013-0133
- Eide, O. K. (2019, 22.02.2021). Undersøkelser avdekker grove overgrep i Forsvaret. Forsvarets forum. Retrieved 06.03. from
- Ette, M. (2013). Gendered frontlines: British press coverage of women soldiers killed in Iraq. Media War and Conflict, 6(3), 249–262. DOI: 10.1177/1750635213487276
- Fasting, K., Køber, P. K., & Strand, K. R. (2021). Mobbing og seksuell trakassering i Forsvaret-resultater fra MOST-undersøkelsen 2020.
- Fasting, K., Ubisch, S., Strand, K. R., & Hanson, T. (2023). Mobbing og seksuell trakassering ved FB, FD, FMA og FFI.
- Flynn, G., Hogan, J., & Feeney, S. (2019, 2019/04/03). Whistleblowing in the Irish Military: The Cost of Exposing Bullying and Sexual Harassment. Journal of Military Ethics, 18(2), 129–144. DOI: 10.1080/15027570.2019.1650454
- Füssel, M. (2018). Between Dissimulation and Sensation: Female Soldiers in Eighteenth-Century Warfare. Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 41(4), 527–542. DOI: 10.1111/1754-0208.12567
- Gibbons, A. M., & Rossi, M. A. (2022). Military Conscription, Sexist Attitudes and Intimate Partner Violence. Economica, 89(355), 540–563. DOI: 10.1111/ecca.12422
- Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Doubleday.
- Goffman, E. (1961a). Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. Doubleday.
- Goffman, E. (1961b). Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction (Vol. 1). Bobbs-Merrill.
- Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma. Penguin.
- Goffman, E. (1977). The Arrangement between the Sexes. Theory and Society, 4(3), 301–331.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/656722 . DOI: 10.1007/BF00206983 - Hanson, T., Hellum, N., Kvalvik, S., Køber, P. K., Rones, N., Steder, F. B., Strand, K. R., & Forsvarets, f. (2017). Slik får forsvaret flere kvinner (Vol. 1. 2017). Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt FFI.
- Harvey, J. (2023). Inclusion of women into ground close combat roles: an organisational change perspective. BMJ Mil Health, 169(1), 3–8. DOI: 10.1136/military-2022-002247
- Higate, P. R. (2003). Military masculinities: identity and the state. Praeger.
- Jenkins, R. (2008). Social Identity (3rd ed.). Routledge.
- King, A. C. (2013). The female soldier. The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters, 43(2), 3. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199658848.003.0011
- King, A. C. (2015). Women Warriors: Female Accession to Ground Combat. Armed Forces & Society, 41(2), 379–387. DOI: 10.1177/0095327X14532913
- Koeszegi, S. T., Zedlacher, E., & Hudribusch, R. (2014). The war against the female soldier? The effects of masculine culture on workplace aggression. Armed Forces & Society, 40(2), 226–251. DOI: 10.1177/0095327X12460019
- Kristoffersen, E. (2022, 12.07.2022). Mobbing og trakassering er som ugress som må lukes hver eneste dag. Forsvarets forum. Retrieved 06.03. from
- Kvarving, L. P. (2019). Gender Perspectives in the Armed Forces and Military Operations: An uphill battle: Cultural, structural and functional factors that prevent or promote implementation of UNSCR 1325 in the Norwegian Armed Forces and NATO. Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo.
- Lanchbury, P., Hawkshaw, R., Jarrett, N., Bodman, S., Parkyn, A., Clifford, P., & Jubb, R. (2021). Speak out. Sexual Harassment 2021 Report.
- Liebermann, O., Kaufman, E., & Starr, B. (2022, 01.09.2022). Reports of sexual assault in the US military increased by 13%. CNN Retrieved 05.03. from
- Lilleaas, U.-B., & Ellingsen, D. (2014). Likestilling i Forsvaret: fortropp, baktropp og kamparena. Cappelen Damm akademisk.
- Lorber, J., & Farrell, S. A. (1991). The Social construction of gender. Sage Publications.
- Matthews, M., Morral, A. R., Schell, T. L., Cefalu, M., Snoke, J., & Briggs, R. J. (2021). Organizational Characteristics Associated with Risk of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment in the U.S. Army. RAND Corporation. DOI: 10.7249/RR-A1013-1
- Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, Self, and Society – From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist University of Chicago Press.
- Mota, N. P., Medved, M., Hiebert-Murphy, D., Whitney, D., & Sareen, J. (2018). Negotiating home base: Narratives of psychological well-being among female military members. Health & Place, 50, 105–111. DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.01.005
- Muhr, S. L., & Sløk-Andersen, B. (2017). Exclusion and inclusion in the Danish Military A historical analysis of the construction and consequences of a gendered organizational narrative. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 30(3), 367–379. DOI: 10.1108/JOCM-10-2016-0195
- Near, J. P., Rehg, M. T., Van Scotter, J. R., & Miceli, M. P. (2004). Does type of wrongdoing affect the whistle-blowing process? Business Ethics Quarterly, 14(2), 219–242. DOI: 10.5840/beq200414210
- Nilsson, M. (2018). Muslim Mothers in Ground Combat Against the Islamic State: Women’s Identities and Social Change in Iraqi Kurdistan. Armed Forces & Society, 44(2), 261–279. DOI: 10.1177/0095327X17699568
- Pendlebury, J. (2020, Jan). “This Is a Man’s Job”: Challenging the Masculine “Warrior Culture” at the US Air Force Academy [Article]. Armed Forces & Society, 46(1), 163–184. DOI: 10.1177/0095327X18806524
- Rehg, M. T., Miceli, M. P., Near, J. P., & Van Scotter, J. R. (2008). Antecedents and outcomes of retaliation against whistleblowers: Gender differences and power relationships. Organization Science, 19(2), 221–240. DOI: 10.1287/orsc.1070.0310
- Reis, J., & Menezes, S. (2020). Gender Inequalities in the Military Service: A Systematic Literature Review. Sexuality & Culture-an Interdisciplinary Journal, 24(3), 1004–1018. DOI: 10.1007/s12119-019-09662-y
- Ringen, G. H., Johansen, S. R., Pilgaard, M. S., Brucker, I. F., Haugen, A. T., Børsheim, S. K., Strømman, B. E., Skjærvø, P., & Sundet, E. (2022). Det skal nytte å si ifra. Evaluering av Forsvarets system for varsling. PwC.
- Rones, N., Strand, K. R., Fauske, M. F., & Bjerke, T. A. (2020). En kartlegging av studier på personell i forsvarssektoren publisert i perioden 1990–2018.
- Sasson-Levy, O. (2003). Feminism and military gender practices: Israeli women soldiers in “masculine” roles. Sociological Inquiry, 73(3), 440–465. DOI: 10.1111/1475-682X.00064
- Saunders, B., Kitzinger, J., & Kitzinger, C. (2015). Anonymising interview data: challenges and compromise in practice. Qualitative Research, 15(5), 616–632. DOI: 10.1177/1468794114550439
- Scott, S. (2015). Negotiating Identity: Symbolic Interactionist Approaches to Social Identity. Polity Press.
- Skille, Ø. B., Higraff, M., Strand, C. S. T., Vaglieri, M., & Fjerdingstad, F. (2023, 18.02.2023). Førstegangstjenesten. NRK. Retrieved 05.03.2023 from
https://www.nrk.no/norge/xl/forstegangstjenesten-1.16285823 - Skille, Ø. B., Higraff, M., Strand, T., Svendsen, C., Andreassen, R. N., & Aronsen, T. B. P. (2022). Varsleren, offiseren og presset om å lyve. NRK. Retrieved 05.03.2023 from
https://www.nrk.no/norge/xl/varsleren_-offiseren-og-presset-om-a-lyve-1.15972526 - Skille, Ø. B., Svendsen, C., Higraff, M., Strand, T., & Skei, L. (2022, 21.02.2023). Rapport om Forsvaret: Avslører store feil og mangler. NRK. Retrieved 05.03.2023 from
https://www.nrk.no/norge/anbefaler-a-legge-om-hele-varslingssystemet-i-forsvaret-1.16185222 - Sløk-Andersen, B. (2018).
The becoming of good soldiers . An Ethnographic Exploration of Gender and Other Obstacles in the Military Borderland. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen. - Steder, F. B. (2010). Kvinner i Forsvaret – quo vadis? Norsk Militært Tidsskrift (5–6), 20–24.
https://docplayer.me/7239304-Kvinner-i-forsvaret-quo-vadis.html - Svendsen, C., Higraff, M., Skille, Ø. B., & Strand, T. (2022, 02.07.2022). Obersen og kvinnene. NRK. Retrieved 06.03. from
https://www.nrk.no/norge/xl/obersten-og-kvinnene-1.16012025 - Svendsen, C., Higraff, M., Skille, Ø. B., Strand, T., Hellem-Hansen, V. L., & Alnes, E. (2023, 21.02.2023). Meldte om voldtekt i Forsvaret: – Som om noen av gutta var på jakt. NRK. Retrieved 06.03. from
https://www.nrk.no/norge/meldte-om-voldtekt-i-forsvaret_-_-som-om-noen-av-gutta-var-pa-jakt-1.16299852 - Vandekerckhove, W. (2016). Whistleblowing and organizational social responsibility: A global assessment. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781315547299
- Welland, J. (2010). “Feminine trouble” and the (re)constitution of the militarised masculine subject. Political Perspectives, 4(1), 1–30.
- West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing Gender. Gender and Society, 1(2), 125–151.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/189945 . DOI: 10.1177/0891243287001002002 - West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (2009). Accounting for Doing Gender. Gender and Society, 23(1), 112–122. DOI: 10.1177/0891243208326529
- Wilen, N., & Heinecken, L. (2018). Regendering the South African army: Inclusion, reversal and displacement. Gender Work and Organization, 25(6), 670–686. DOI: 10.1111/gwao.12257
- Winslow, D., & Dunn, J. (2002). Women in the Canadian Forces: Between legal and social integration. Current Sociology, 50(5), 641–667. DOI: 10.1177/0011392102050005003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.183 | Journal eISSN: 2596-3856
Language: English
Page range: 102 - 116
Submitted on: Oct 3, 2022
Accepted on: Jul 31, 2023
Published on: Aug 16, 2023
Published by: Scandinavian Military Studies
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
© 2023 Iselin Silja Kaspersen, published by Scandinavian Military Studies
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.