What Military Commanders do and how they do it: Executive Decision-Making in the Context of Standardised Planning Processes and Doctrine
By: Søren Sjøgren
References
- Akrich, M. (1992).
The De-scription of technical objects . In W. E. Bijker and J. Law (Eds.), Shaping technology/building society: Studies in sociotechnical change. MIT Press. - Angstrom, J., & Widen, J. J. (2016). Religion or reason? Exploring alternative ways to measure the quality of doctrine. Journal of Strategic Studies, 39(2), 198–212. DOI: 10.1080/01402390.2015.1115034
- Berejikian, J., Zwald, Z., Daly, S. J., & Hannon, J. (2022). Challenges to creative thinking. Joint Force Quarterly, 104, 8.
- Bondy, H. (2004). Postmodernism and the source of military strength in the Anglo West. Armed Forces & Society, 31(1), 31–61. DOI: 10.1177/0095327X0403100103
- Bowker, G. C., & Star, S. L. (1999). Sorting things out: Classification and its consequences. MIT Press. DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/6352.001.0001
- Burket, D. S., ed. (2019).
Large-Scale Combat Operations: The Division Fight . 1st edition. The Art of Tactics, volume 1. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Army University Press. ISBM: 978-1-940804-58-3 - Cherrie, S. (2000).
The human in command: A personal view . In C. McCann & R. Pigeau (Eds.), The Human in command: Exploring the modern military experience. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. - Clarke, A. E. (2003). Situational analyses: grounded theory mapping after the postmodern turn. Symbolic Interaction, 26(4), 553–576. DOI: 10.1525/si.2003.26.4.553
- Clausewitz, C. von. (1832). Vom Kriege. Dümlers Verlag.
- Clausewitz, C. von. (1989). On war (M. E. Howard & P. Paret, Trans.). Princeton University Press.
- Clemmesen, M. H. (2014). Combat case history in advanced officer development: Extracting what is difficult to apply. Baltic Security and Defence Review, 17(2), 34–79.
- Cohen, E. A. (2003). Supreme command: Soldiers, statesmen, and leadership in wartime (1st Anchor Books ed). Anchor Books.
- Cohen, E. A., & Gooch, J. (1990). Military misfortunes: The anatomy of failure in war. Free Press/Collier Macmillan.
- Crabbe, R. R. (2000).
The nature of command . In C. McCann & R. Pigeau (Eds.), The Human in command: Exploring the modern military experience. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. - Curry, J., & Perla, P. (Eds.) (2011). Peter Perla’s the art of wargaming: A guide for professionals and hobbyists.
Lulu.com . - De Munnik, C. T. (2012).
Teaching war . In J. Lindley-French & Y. Boyer (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of war. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199562930.013.0032 - Erdeniz, R. (2016). Operations planning revisited: Theoretical and practical implications of methodology. Defence Studies, 16(3), 248–269. DOI: 10.1080/14702436.2016.1187567
- Freedman, L. (2020). Command: individual or collective? A review of Anthony King’s command: The twenty-first-century general (Cambridge University Press, 2019). International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 33(1), 105–111. DOI: 10.1007/s10767-019-09337-4
- Freedman, L. (2022). Command: The politics of military operations from Korea to Ukraine (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Freidson, E. (1989). Theory and the professions. Indiana Law Journal, 64(3), 11.
- Fuller, J. F. C. (1926). Foundations of the science of war. Hutchinson & Co.
- Greenwood, T. C., & Hammes, T. X. (2009). War planning for wicked problems. Armed Forces Journal.
http://armedforcesjournal.com/war-planning-for-wicked-problems/ - Hironaka, A. (2017). Tokens of power: Rethinking war. Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781316796290
- Hittle, J. D. (1961). The military staff, its history and development (3rd ed.). The Stackpole Company.
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b5137424&view=1up&seq=8 - Høiback, H. (2013). Understanding military doctrine: A multidisciplinary approach. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780203559345
- Høiback, H. (2016). The anatomy of doctrine and ways to keep it fit. Journal of Strategic Studies, 39(2), 185–197. DOI: 10.1080/01402390.2015.1115037
- Holmes, S. (2009). In Case of emergency: Misunderstanding tradeoffs in the War on Terror. California Law Review, 97, 56.
- Holsting, V. S., & Damkjer, A. (2020). Militært chefvirke: At skabe handlekrafti komplekse situationer. Samfundslitteratur.
- Horowitz, M. C., & Stam, A. C. (2014). How prior military experience influences the future militarized behavior of leaders. International Organization, 68(3), 527–559. DOI: 10.1017/S0020818314000046
- Jackson, A. P. (2013). The roots of military doctrine: Change and continuity in understanding the practice of warfare. Combat Studies Institute Press.
- Jakobsen, P. V. (2022). Causal theories of threat and success – Simple analytical tools making it easier to assess, formulate, and validate military strategy. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 5(1), 177–191. DOI: 10.31374/sjms.164
- Jeffery, M. K. (2000).
Foreword . In C. MacCann & R. Pigeau (Eds.), The Human in command: Exploring the modern military experience (p. V–Viii). Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publ. - Jervis, R. (1976). Perception and misperception in international politics. Princeton University Press.
- Jomini, A. H. (1996). The art of war. Greenhill Books.
- Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking fast and slow (1st ed). Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
- Kahneman, D., & Klein, G. (2009). Conditions for intuitive expertise: A failure to disagree. American Psychologist, 64(6), 515–526. DOI: 10.1037/a0016755
- Keegan, J. (1988). The mask of command. Penguin.
- Khong, Y. F. (1992). Analogies at war: Korea, Munich, Dien Bien Phu, and the Vietnam decisions of 1965. Princeton University Press. DOI: 10.1515/9780691212913
- King, A. (2019). Command the twenty-first-century general. Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108642941
- King, A. (2021). Operation Moshtarak: Counter-insurgency command in Kandahar 2009–10. Journal of Strategic Studies, 44(1), 36–62. DOI: 10.1080/01402390.2019.1672160
- Klein, G. (2007). The Power of Intuition: How to use your gut feelings to make better decisions at work. Doubleday.
- Klein, G. (1998). Sources of power: How people make decisions. MIT Press.
- Klitmøller, A., & Obling, A. R. (2021). Collective command: Problems and perspectives for military operational leadership in the 21st century. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 4(1), 244–255. DOI: 10.31374/sjms.94
- Lauer, G. S. (2016). The Tao of doctrine: Contesting an art of operations. Joint Force Quarterly, 82, 7.
- Lund, S. (2017). Udviklingen og anvendelsen af dansk forsvars landmilitære doktrin. Militært Tidsskrift.
- Malm, A. (2019). Operational military violence: A cartography of bureaucratic minds and practices. University of Gothenburg.
- McInnes, C. (2007). The British Army’s new way in warfare: A doctrinal misstep? Defense & Security Analysis, 23(2), 127–141. DOI: 10.1080/14751790701424697
- Meigs, M. C. (2001). Generalship: Qualities, instincts, and character. The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters, 31(2). DOI: 10.55540/0031-1723.2038
- Mercer, J. (2007). The challenges of insider research in educational institutions: Wielding a double-edged sword and resolving delicate dilemmas. Oxford Review of Education, 33(1), 1–17. DOI: 10.1080/03054980601094651
- Merton, R. K. (1972). Insiders and outsiders: a chapter in the sociology of knowledge. American Journal of Sociology, 78(1), 9–47. DOI: 10.1086/225294
- Murray, W., & Sinnreich, R. H. (Eds.) (2006). The past as prologue: The importance of history to the military profession. Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511818943
- NATO. (2016). ATP-3.2.2 Command and control of Allied land forces. Edition B, Version 1. NATO Standardization Office.
- NATO. (2019). APP-28 Tactical planning for land forces, Edition A, Version 1. NATO Standardization Office.
- NATO. (2021). AAP-06 NATO glossary of terms and definitions (English and French). NATO Standardization Office (NSO).
- Nørgaard, K., & Linden-Vørnle, M. (2021). Cyborgs, neuroweapons, and network command. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 4(1), 94–107. DOI: 10.31374/sjms.86
- Öberg, D. (2020). Exercising war: How tactical and operational modelling shape and reify military practice. Security Dialogue, 51(2–3), 137–154. DOI: 10.1177/0967010619890196
- Orlikowski, W. J. (1992).
The duality of technology: Rethinking the concept of technology in organizations . Organization Science, 3(3), 398–427. JSTOR. DOI: 10.1287/orsc.3.3.398 - Palazzo, A. (2008). From Moltke to Bin Laden: The relevance of doctrine in the contemporary military environment. Land Warfare Studies Centre.
- Paparone, C. (2017). How we fight: A critical exploration of US military doctrine. Organization, 24(4), 516–533. DOI: 10.1177/1350508417693853
- Parton, N. (2008). In Defence of Doctrine…But Not Dogma. Defense & Security Analysis, 24(1), 81–89. DOI: 10.1080/14751790801903335
- Pugsley, C. (2011). We have been here before: The evolution of the doctrine of decentralised command in the British Army, 1905–1989. Central Library, Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.
http://www.army.mod.uk/documents/general/rmas_occ_paper_09.pdf - Rapley, T. (2010).
Some pragmatics of data analysis . In D. Silverman (Ed.), Qualitative research: Theory, method & practice (3rd ed., pp. 273–290). SAGE Publications Ltd. - Ricks, T. E. (2013). The generals: American military command from World War II to today.
- Sabin, P. A. G. (2014). Simulating war: Studying conflict through simulation games. Bloomsbury Academic. DOI: 10.5040/9781474211239
- Samuels, M. (2019). Piercing the fog of war: The theory and practice of command in the British and German armies, 1918-1940. Helion & Company Limited.
- Schøning, A. S. H. (2021). Fortid for fremtid. Historiebrug i Hærens Videregående Officersuddannelse. Roskilde Universitet.
- Shamir, E. (2011). Transforming command: The pursuit of mission command in the U.S., British, and Israeli armies. Stanford Security Studies. DOI: 10.1515/9780804777704
- Singer, P. W. (2010). Wired for war: The robotics revolution and conflict in the twenty-first century. Penguin Books.
- Sjøgren, S. (2020). Krigsførelsens Kredsløb i et videnskabsteoretisk perspektiv – teorier, modeller og virkelighed. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 3(1), 223–238. DOI: 10.31374/sjms.77
- Snider, D. M. (2015). Will Army 2025 be a military profession? Parameters, 45, 15. DOI: 10.55540/0031-1723.2985
- Snook, S. A. (2002). Friendly fire: The accidental shootdown of U.S. Black Hawks over northern Iraq. Princeton University Press.
- Soeters, J. (2020). Management and military studies: Classical and current foundations. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. DOI: 10.4324/9780429243967
- Stinchcombe, A. L. (2001). When formality works: Authority and abstraction in law and organizations. University of Chicago Press.
- Storr, J. (2009). The human face of war. Continuum.
- Storr, J. (2022). Something rotten: Land command in the 21st century. Howgate Publishing Limited.
- Tillberg, L. V. (2020). The dynamics of military skills: The role of experience-based knowledge in challenging situations. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 3(1), 55–67. DOI: 10.31374/sjms.40
- Timmermans, S., & Epstein, S. (2010). a world of standards but not a standard world: Toward a sociology of standards and standardization. Annual Review of Sociology, 36(1), 69–89. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102629
- Van Creveld, M. L. (1987). Command in war. Harvard University Press.
- Verbeek, P.-P. (2011). Moralizing technology: Understanding and designing the morality of things. The University of Chicago Press. DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226852904.001.0001
- Weber, M. (1946).
Buraucracy . In H. H. Gerth & C. Wright Mills (Trans.), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (pp. 196–244). Oxford University Press.https://archive.org/details/frommaxweberessa00webe/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater - Wegener, C. (2012, August 29). “Would you like coffee?” Using the researcher’s insider and outsider positions as a sensitizing concept in a cross-organizational field study. Ethnographic Horizons in Times of Turbulence.
- Weick, K. E. (2001). Making sense of the organization. Blackwell Publishers.
- Wilson, J. Q. (1989). Bureaucracy: What government agencies do and why they do it. Basic Books.
- Wrigley, C., Mosely, G., & Mosely, M. (2021). Defining military design thinking: An extensive, critical literature review. She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation, 7(1), 104–143. DOI: 10.1016/j.sheji.2020.12.002
- Zweibelson, B. (2014). ‘The enemy has a vote’ and other dangers in military sensemaking. The Journal of Military Operations, 2(2).
- Zweibelson, B., Wetzel, J., & Landis, T. (2021). Designing in complex security contexts: Enabling frame awareness through sharks, dollar signs, and police badges. She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation, 7(3), 435–461. DOI: 10.1016/j.sheji.2021.05.006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.146 | Journal eISSN: 2596-3856
Language: English
Page range: 379 - 397
Submitted on: Feb 27, 2022
Accepted on: Oct 25, 2022
Published on: Nov 15, 2022
Published by: Scandinavian Military Studies
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
© 2022 Søren Sjøgren, published by Scandinavian Military Studies
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.