
Military Muscle-Flexing as Interstate Communication: Russian NOTAM Warnings off the Coast of Norway, 2015–2021
References
- Allen, C. D.,
Jr. (1980). The Uses of Navies in Peacetime American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. - Blechman, B. M., & Kaplan, S. S. (1978). Force without War: U.S. Armed Forces as a Political Instrument Brookings Institution. DOI: 10.2307/2149847
- Bull, H. (1976). Sea Power and Political Influence. The Adelphi Papers, 16(122), 1–9. DOI: 10.1080/05679327608457271
- Byers, M., & Byers, C. (2017). Toxic splash: Russian rocket stages dropped in Arctic waters raise health, environmental and legal concerns. Polar Record, 53(6), 580–591. DOI: 10.1017/S0032247417000547
- Clausewitz, C. V. (1989). On War Princeton University Press.
- Clem, R. (2018). Military Exercises as Geopolitical Messaging in the NATO-Russia Dynamic: Reassurance, Deterrence, and (In)stability. Texas National Security Review, 2(1), 130–143. DOI: 10.26153/tsw/865
- Depledge, D. (2020). Train Where You Expect to Fight: Why Military Exercises Have Increased in the High North. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 3(1), 288–301. DOI: 10.31374/sjms.64
- Expert Commission on Norwegian Security and Defense Policy. (2015). Unified Effort. Norwegian Government.
https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/fd/dokumenter/rapporter-og-regelverk/unified-effort.pdf - Faulconbridge, G. (2007, August 17). Putin revives Russia’s long-haul bomber flights. Reuters.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-airforce-idUSL1745006520070817 - Fearon, J. D. (1997). Signaling Foreign Policy Interests: Tying Hands versus Sinking Cost. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(1), 68–90. DOI: 10.1177/0022002797041001004
- Foggo, J., & Braithwaite, K. (Guests). (2021, March 25).
Power and Presence: The US & the Arctic with Admiral James Foggo and Ambassador (and SECNAV) Kenneth Braithwaite. Podcast [Audio podcast episode] . In The General and the Ambassador American Academy of Diplomacy.https://generalandambassador.libsyn.com/power-and-presence-the-us-the-arctic-with-admiral-james-foggo-and-ambassador-and-secnav-kenneth-braithwaite - Gartzke, E. A., Carcelli, S., Gannon, J. A., & Zhang, J. J. (2017).
Signaling in Foreign Policy . In: W. R. Thompson (Ed.), Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.481 - Gibbons-Neff, T. (2016, March 2). In a rare deployment, B-52 bombers head to Europe for training exercises. The Washington Post.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2016/03/02/in-a-rare-deployment-b-52-bombers-head-to-europe-for-training-exercises/ - Halsne, S. (2022). Competitive Strategies in the European High North. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 5(1), 31–44. DOI: 10.31374/sjms.93
- Lacey, J. (2020, January 9). Battle of the Bastions. War on the Rock.
https://warontherocks.com/2020/01/battle-of-the-bastions/ - Luttwak, E. N. (1975). The Political Uses of Sea Power Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Mandel, R. (1986). The Effectiveness of Gunboat Diplomacy. International Studies Quarterly, 30(1), 59–76. DOI: 10.2307/2600437
- Martin, L. W. (1967). The Sea in Modern Strategy Chatto & Windus.
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. (2021, April 29). Briefing by Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Maria Zakharova.
https://mid.ru/en/press_service/spokesman/briefings/1420601/ - Montgomery, E. B. (2019). Signals of strength: Capability demonstrations and perceptions of military power. Journal of Strategic Studies, 43(2), 309–330. DOI: 10.1080/01402390.2019.1626724
- NATO. (2018, October 9). Trident Juncture 2018 Press Conference.
https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_159119.htm?selectedLocale=uk - Nilsen, T. (2016, February 29). B-52s en route to Norway. Barents Observer.
https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2016/02/b-52s-en-route-norway - Nilsen, T. (2018a, November 22). Not one shot was fired. Barents Observer.
https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2018/11/not-one-shot-was-fired - Nilsen, T. (2018b, October 31). Russia announces rocket shootings just outside Finnmark in final days of NATO’s Trident Juncture. Barents Observer.
https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2018/10/russian-navy - Nilsen, T. (2018c, November 21). Russian navy announces rocket shootings outside Lofoten. Barents Observer.
https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2018/11/russian-navy-announces-rocket-shooting-outside-lofoten-archipelago - Nilsen, T. (2019, August 6). Russian navy to hold live-fire exercise off Northern Norway. Barents Observer.
https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2019/08/russian-navy-announces-comprehensive-exercise-northern-norway - Nilsen, T. (2020, February 2). These two warships are now on their way for missile drill near Norway’s northernmost gas-pipeline to Europe. Barents Observer.
https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2020/02/russia-navy-announces-missile-drill-vicinity-norways-northernmost-gas-pipeline - Skagestad, O. G. (2010).
The ‘High North’: An Elastic Concept in Norwegian Arctic Policy (FNI Report 10/2010) . Fridtjof Nansen Institute.https://www.fni.no/publications/the-high-north-an-elastic-concept-in-norwegian-arctic-policy-article821-290.html - Snyder, G. H., & Diesing, P. (1977). Conflict Among Nations: Bargaining, Decision-Making and System Structure in International Crisis. Princeton University Press.
- Strauss, L., Gordinier, R., & Byrne, M. (2020). U.S. Marines and NATO’s Northern Flank. Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 13, 72–93. DOI: 10.23865/arctic.v13.3381
- Strømmen, T. I. (2019).
Bulwark and balancing act: The strategic role of the Royal Norwegian Navy . In R. McCabe, D. Sanders & I. Speller (Eds.), Europe, Small Navies and Maritime Security (pp. 133–151). Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780429286636-10 - Tunander, O. (1989). Cold Water Politics: The Maritime Strategy and Geopolitics of the Northern front Sage Publications.
- U.S. Department of State. (2021). U.S.-Norway Supplementary Defense Cooperation Agreement (SDCA) [Fact sheet].
https://www.state.gov/u-s-norway-supplementary-defense-cooperation-agreement-sdca/ - Wickham, H., & Bryan, J. (2015). R Packages Available online at
https://r-pkgs.org/ - Widen, J. J. (2011). Naval Diplomacy – A Theoretical Approach. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 22(4), 715–733. DOI: 10.1080/09592296.2011.625830
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.133 | Journal eISSN: 2596-3856
Language: English
Page range: 63 - 78
Submitted on: Nov 26, 2021
Accepted on: Apr 4, 2022
Published on: Jun 14, 2022
Published by: Scandinavian Military Studies
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
© 2022 Kristian Åtland, Thomas Nilsen, Torbjørn Pedersen, published by Scandinavian Military Studies
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.