Impact of Agricultural Extension Services Access and Cooperative Membership on Farmers’ Welfare: Evidence From Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

Abdul-Rahman A. ( 2018 ). Effects of Climate Change Coping and Adaptation Strategies on Food Security Among Smallholder Maize Farmers in the Tolon District and Savelugu Municipal . University for Development Studies in Tamale . http://www.udsspace.uds.edu.gh/handle/123456789/2927

Abebaw D. Haile M.G. ( 2013 ). The Impact of Cooperatives on Agricultural Technology Adoption: Empirical Evidence from Ethiopia . Food Policy , 38 , 82 – 91 . https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.10.003

Adamu A.-J. Nangena M.M. Anang B.T. ( 2023 ). Welfare Effects of Agricultural Extension in the Sudan Savanna of Ghana . World Development Sustainability , 3 , 100095 . https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2023.100095

Agusalim L. Karim M. Yaddarabullah Y. ( 2019 ). Indonesia Cooperative and Members Welfare: A Panel Data Analysis . Economics Development Analysis Journal , ( 8 ), 1 – 9 . https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v8i1.26830

Ahmed M.H. Mesfin H.M. ( 2017 ). The Impact of Agricultural Cooperatives Membership on the Wellbeing of Smallholder Farmers: Empirical Evidence From Eastern Ethiopia . Agricultural and Food Economics , 5 , 1 – 20 . https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-017-0075-z

Akudugu M.A. Guo E. Dadzie S.K. ( 2012 ). Adoption of Modern Agricultural Production Technologies by Farm Households in Ghana: What Factors Influence Their Decisions . Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare , ( 2 ), 3 – 1 . http://www.udsspace.uds.edu.gh/handle/123456789/1908

Al-Hassan R. Poulton C. ( 2009 ). Agriculture and Social Protection in Ghana . Future Agricultures . https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/articles/report/Agriculture_and_Social_Protection_in_Ghana/26449642

Anderson J.R. Feder G. ( 2004 ). Agricultural Extension: Good Intentions and Hard Realities . The World Bank Research Observer , ( 19 ), 1 – 41 . https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkh013

Aremu T. Reynolds T.W. ( 2024 ). Welfare Benefits Associated With Access to Agricultural Extension Services in Nigeria . Food Security , ( 16 ), 2 – 295 . https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-023-01428-7

Ballah J.T. Che C.A. ( 2023 ). The Effects of Agricultural Inputs and Extension Services on Household Crop Production in Dschang, Menoua Division, West Region of Cameroon . International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science , ( 7 ), 3 – 308 . https://www.academia.edu/download/101103088/308_315.pdf

Becker S.O. Ichino A. ( 2002 ). Estimation of Average Treatment Effects Based on Propensity Scores . The Stata Journal , ( 2 ), 4 – 358 . https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0200200403

Buehren N. Goldstein M. Molina E. Vaillant J. ( 2019 ). The Impact of Strengthening Agricultural Extension Services on Women Farmers: Evidence from Ethiopia . Agricultural Economics , ( 50 ), 4 – 407 . https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12499

Cacciatore M.A. Scheufele D.A. Corley E.A. ( 2014 ). Another (Methodological) Look at Knowledge Gaps and the Internet’s Potential for Closing Them . Public Understanding of Science , ( 23 ), 4 – 376 . https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662512447606

Ceddia M.G. Gunter U. Corriveau-Bourque A. ( 2015 ). Land Tenure and Agricultural Expansion in Latin America: The Role of Indigenous Peoples’ and Local Communities’ Forest Rights . Global Environmental Change , 35 , 316 – 322 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.09.010

Diao X. Thurlow J. Benin S. Fan S. ( 2012 ). Strategies and Priorities for African Agriculture: Economywide Perspectives from Country Studies . International Food Policy Research Institute . https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896291959

Elias A. Nohmi M. Yasunobu K. Ishida A. ( 2016 ). Farmers’ Satisfaction with Agricultural Extension Service and Its Influencing Factors: A Case Study in North West Ethiopia . Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology , 18 ( 1 ), 39 – 53 . https://jast.modares.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=6455&sid=23&slc_lang=fa

Embaye K.S. Raja S.M. Gebreyesus M.H. Ghebrehiwet M.A. ( 2020 ). Distribution of Breast Lesions Diagnosed by Cytology Examination in Symptomatic Patients at Eritrean National Health Laboratory, Asmara, Eritrea: A Retrospective Study . BMC Women’s Health , 20 , 1 – 9 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-01116-0

Emelianoff I.V. ( 1942 ). Economic Theory of Cooperation: Economic Structure of Cooperative Organizations . Edwards Brothers .

Emmanuel D. Owusu-Sekyere E. Owusu V. Jordaan H. ( 2016 ). Impact of Agricultural Extension Service on Adoption of Chemical Fertilizer: Implications for Rice Productivity and Development in Ghana . NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences , 79 , 41 – 49 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2016.09.002

Fafchamps M. Hill R.V. ( 2005 ). Selling at the Farmgate or Traveling to Market . American Journal of Agricultural Economics , ( 87 ), 3 – 717 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8276.2005.00758.x

Francesconi G.N. Heerink N. ( 2011 ). Ethiopian Agricultural Cooperatives in an Era of Global Commodity Exchange: Does Organisational Form Matter ? Journal of African Economies , ( 20 ), 1 – 153 . https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejq036

Furst D.E. ( 2008 ). Outcome Measures in Rheumatologic Clinical Trials and Systemic Sclerosis . Rheumatology , 47 ( 5 ), v29 – v30 . https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/ken269

Gatdet Dak J. ( 2022 ). A Renewed Call on States of South Sudan . Sudan Tribune . https://sudantribune.com/article66986/

Gebrehiwot K.G. ( 2015 ). The Impact of Agricultural Extension on Households’ Welfare in Ethiopia . International Journal of Social Economics , ( 42 ), 8 – 733 . https://doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2014-0088

Geffersa A.G. ( 2024 ). Agricultural Cooperative Membership and Welfare of Maize Farmers in Ethiopia: Insights from Panel Data Analysis . Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics , 95 ( 4 ), 1223 – 1250 . https://doi.org/10.1111/apce.12481

Gouёt C. Van Paassen A. ( 2012 ). Smallholder Marketing Cooperatives and Smallholders’ Market Access: Lessons Learned From the Actors Involved . The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension , ( 18 ), 4 – 369 . https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224x.2012.691784

Guyalo A.K. Ifa L.T. ( 2023 ). Impact of Agricultural Cooperatives on the Food Security Status of Households in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: The Case of Halu Woreda . Cogent Economics & Finance , 11 ( 2 ), 2237716 . https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2023.2237716

Helmberger P.G. Hoos S. ( 1965 ). Cooperative Bargaining in Agriculture. Grower-Processor Markets for Fruits and Vegetables . University of California .

Jorgenson D.W. ( 1997 ). Welfare: Measuring Social Welfare ( 2 ). The MIT Press .

Kassie M. Shiferaw B. Muricho G. ( 2011 ). Agricultural Technology, Crop Income, and Poverty Alleviation in Uganda . World Development , ( 39 ), 10 – 1784 . https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.023

Lahai B.A.N. Goldey P. Jones G.E. ( 1999 ). The Gender of the Extension Agent and Farmers’ Access to and Participation in Agricultural Extension in Nigeria . The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension , ( 6 ), 4 – 223 . https://doi.org/10.1080/13892240085300051

Larsen G.H. Erdman H.E. ( 1962 ). Aaron Sapiro: Genius of Farm Co-operative Promotion . Journal of American History , ( 49 ), 2 – 242 . https://doi.org/10.2307/1888629

Lehmann M. ( 2014 ). Cooperatives as Governance Mechanisms . European Company and Financial Law Review , ( 11 ), 1 – 31 . https://doi.org/10.1515/ecfr-2014-0031

Nourse E.G. ( 1922 ). The Economic Philosophy of Co-operation . The American Economic Review , ( 12 ), 4 – 577 .

Pan D. ( 2014 ). The Impact of Agricultural Extension on Farmer Nutrient Management Behavior in Chinese Rice Production: A Household-Level Analysis . Sustainability , ( 6 ), 10 – 6644 . https://doi.org/10.3390/su6106644

Pender J. Gebremedhin B. ( 2008 ). Determinants of Agricultural and Land Management Practices and Impacts on Crop Production and Household Income in the Highlands of Tigray, Ethiopia . Journal of African Economies , ( 17 ), 3 – 395 . https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejm028

Preston I.R. Roberts K.E. Miller D.P. Sen G.P. Selej M. Benton W.W. Hill N.S. Farber H.W. ( 2015 ). Effect of Warfarin Treatment on Survival of Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) in the Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term PAH Disease Management (REVEAL) . Circulation , ( 132 ), 25 – 2403 . https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.115.018435

Ragasa C. Berhane G. Tadesse F. Taffesse A.S. ( 2013 ). Gender Differences in Access to Extension Services and Agricultural Productivity . The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension , ( 19 ), 5 – 437 . https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224x.2013.817343

Rahman M.M. Connor J.D. ( 2022 ). Impact of Agricultural Extension Services on Fertilizer Use and Farmers’ Welfare: Evidence from Bangladesh . Sustainability , 14 ( 15 ), 9385 . https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159385

Rhodes V.J. ( 1985 ). Market Failure and the Role of Farmer Cooperatives . Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University . https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.303330

Shiferaw B. Hellin J. Muricho G. ( 2011 ). Improving Market Access and Agricultural Productivity Growth in Africa: What Role for Producer Organizations and Collective Action Institutions ? Food Security , 3 , 475 – 489 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-011-0153-0

Taye H. ( 2013 ). Evaluating the Impact of Agricultural Extension Programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Prospects . African Evaluation Journal , 1 ( 1 ), 9 . https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4102/aej.v1i1.19

Tefera D.A. Bijman J. Slingerland M.A. ( 2017 ). Agricultural Co-Operatives in Ethiopia: Evolution, Functions and Impact . Journal of International Development , 29 ( 4 ), 431 – 453 . https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3240

Tran T.A. Cook B.R. Touch V. ( 2025 ). Agricultural Extension Institutions in Rural Cambodia: Unpacking Extension Agent-Farmer Relations and Interactions . Journal of Rural Studies , 117 , 103671 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103671

Wooldridge J.M. ( 2007 ). Inverse Probability Weighted Estimation for General Missing Data Problems . Journal of Econometrics , ( 141 ), 2 – 1281 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.02.002

Wossen T. Abdoulaye T. Alene A. Haile M.G. Feleke S. Olanrewaju A. Manyong V. ( 2017 ). Impacts of Extension Access and Cooperative Membership on Technology Adoption and Household Welfare . Journal of Rural Studies , 54 , 223 – 233 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.06.022

Yang D. Zhang H.-W. Liu Z.-M. Zeng Q. ( 2021 ). Do Cooperatives Participation and Technology Adoption Improve Farmers’ Welfare in China? A Joint Analysis Accounting for Selection Bias . Journal of Integrative Agriculture , ( 20 ), 6 – 1716 . https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(20)63325-1