Abstract
Mosques serve as a symbolic architectural feature in Islamic cities, representing their spiritual and cultural identity. Modern mosques incorporate new technologies in their structural systems and use innovative materials, addressing social and cultural needs while adapting to local economic conditions. Architectural identity refers to a unique style in building design and its social environment. Erbil, the capital of the Kurdistan Region in Iraq, has experienced significant developments in various areas since 1991. This study aims to identify the architectural identity of contemporary mosques that were influenced by new technology and materials. The study compares traditional (≤2002) and contemporary (2003–2023) mosques in Erbil in terms of materials, structural systems, and implications for construction technology, durability, and maintenance. This is achieved via a qualitative analysis of traditional mosques’ spatial and mass composition throughout the ages, creating a basic framework for studying contemporary mosque architecture in Erbil (sample of 32 mosques classified into 4 groups). The results demonstrate that traditional buildings were based on brickwork, load-bearing walls, vaults, and domes that require mortar deterioration. Contemporary mosques use reinforced concrete frames (2–4 core columns) with brick, stone, marble, GRC panels, and synthetic claddings. Industrializing the building process changes implementation requirements and deterioration profiles (e.g., cladding separation, reinforcement corrosion, exterior ageing). In addition, the symbolic identity of Erbil’s traditional mosque was shaped by the influence of the traditional Erbil architecture, which remains deeply rooted in people’s memories. Hybrid Islamic, a typical rationalist, and new modern architecture mosque styles characterize contemporary mosques. The research concludes that traditional and modern mosques in Erbil feature distinct design elements, but some new contemporary mosques still retain a traditional identity. The conclusion highlights the need for two separate sets of operational and conservation guidelines tailored to the material-structural characteristics and projected life cycles.