Table 1
Socio-demographic and respondent’s background variables and categories assessed in the study.
| Variable | Response | Category | N (%) | Mean | S.D | Variance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Valid (N) | S.E of mean | |||||
| Missing | ||||||
| Age group | Valid (5457) | 15–19 | 973(17.8) | 3.595 | 1.9(0.0161) | 3.626 |
| Missing (0) | 20–24 | 862(15.8) | ||||
| 25–29 | 969(17.77) | |||||
| 30–34 | 817(15.0) | |||||
| 35–39 | 761(14.0) | |||||
| 40–44 | 586(10.73) | |||||
| 45–49 | 489(9.0) | |||||
| Marital status | Valid (5457) | Never in union | 1663(30.5) | 1.067 | 1.116(0.015) | 1.246 |
| Missing (0) | Married | 2689(49.3) | ||||
| Living with partner | 649(11.9) | |||||
| Widowed | 155(2.8) | |||||
| Divorced | 132(2.4) | |||||
| No longer living together/separated | 169(3.1) | |||||
| Region | Valid (5457) | Western | 613(11.2) | 5.625 | 2.838(0.038) | 8.053 |
| Missing (0) | Central | 416(7.6) | ||||
| Greater Accra | 424(7.8) | |||||
| Volta | 544(10.0) | |||||
| Eastern | 555(10.2) | |||||
| Ashanti | 526(9.6) | |||||
| Brong Ahafo | 752(13.8) | |||||
| Northern | 517(9.5) | |||||
| Upper East | 629(11.5) | |||||
| Upper West | 481(8.8) | |||||
| Highest educational level | No education | 1226(22.5) | 1.445 | 0.911(0.123) | 0.831 | |
| Valid (5457) | Primary | 945(17.3) | ||||
| Missing (0) | Secondary | 2920(53.5) | ||||
| Higher | 366(6.7) | |||||
| Religion | Christian | 4154(76.1) | 6.304 | 0.625(0.008) | 0.391 | |
| Islam | 1075(19.7) | |||||
| Traditional/spiritualist | 98(1.8) | |||||
| No religion | 130(2.4) | |||||
| Ethnicity | Valid (5457) | Akan | 2150(39.4) | 21.917 | 135.135(1.829) | 18261.45 |
| Missing (0) | Ga/Dangme | 247(4.5) | ||||
| Ewe | 701(12.9) | |||||
| Guan | 155(2.8) | |||||
| Mole-Dagbani | 1420(26.0) | |||||
| Grusi | 294(5.4) | |||||
| Gurma | 316(5.8) | |||||
| Mande | 71(1.3) | |||||
| Other | 103(1.9) | |||||
| Able to read whole sentence | 2385(43.7) | |||||
| No card with required language | 5(0.1) | |||||
| Blind/visually impaired | 3(0.05) | |||||
| Type of place of residence | Valid (5457) | Urban | 2771(50.8) | 1.492 | 0.5(0.007) | 0.25 |
| Missing (0) | Rural | 2686(49.2) | ||||
| Parity | Valid (5457) | ≤5 | 5035(92.3) | 1.078 | 0.27(0.004) | 0.073 |
| Missing (0) | 6–10 | 419(7.7) | ||||
| ≥11 | 3(0.05) | |||||
| Person who usually decides on respondent’s health care | Valid (3338) | Respondent alone | 795(23.8) | 2.171 | 1.025(0.017) | 1.051 |
| Missing (2119) | Respondent and husband/partner | 1871(56.1) | ||||
| Husband/partner alone | 652(19.5) | |||||
| Someone else | 17(0.5) | |||||
| Other | 3(0.05) |
Table 2
Quality cluster group associations with socio-demographics.
| Variable | Quality Cluster outcomes | Pearson Chi Square | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cluster 1 Less adequate quality | Cluster 2 Poor quality | Cluster 3 Average quality | Cluster 4 Adequate quality | Total | χ2 | p-value | |
| N = 471 | N = 617 | N = 627 | N = 958 | N = 2673 | |||
| n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | |||
| Age in 5-year groups | |||||||
| 15–19 | 46(9.8) | 54(8.8) | 39(6.2) | 116(12.1) | 255(9.5) | 40.6 | <0.002 |
| 20–24 | 82(17.4) | 105(17.0) | 96(15.3) | 169(17.6) | 452(16.9) | ||
| 25–29 | 106(22.5) | 123(19.9) | 138(22.0) | 203(21.2) | 570(21.3) | ||
| 30–34 | 87(18.5) | 112(18.2) | 110(17.5) | 168(17.5) | 477(17.8) | ||
| 35–39 | 67(14.2) | 90(14.6) | 111(17.7) | 139(14.5) | 407(15.2) | ||
| 40–44 | 43(9.1) | 90(14.6) | 65(10.4) | 80(8.4) | 278(10.4) | ||
| 45–49 | 40(8.5) | 43(7.0) | 68(10.8) | 83(8.7) | 234(8.8) | ||
| Region | |||||||
| Western | 30(6.4) | 72(11.7) | 63(10.0) | 96(10.0) | 261(9.8) | 495.4 | <0.001 |
| Central | 28(5.9) | 40(6.5) | 49(7.8) | 79(8.2) | 196(7.3) | ||
| Greater Accra | 46(9.8) | 31(5.0) | 84(13.4) | 38(4.0) | 199(7.4) | ||
| Volta | 46(9.8) | 118(19.1) | 53(8.5) | 43(4.5) | 260(9.7) | ||
| Eastern | 97(20.6) | 38(6.2) | 49(7.8) | 70(7.3) | 254(9.5) | ||
| Ashanti | 47(10.0) | 66(10.7) | 67(10.7) | 86(9.0) | 266(10.0) | ||
| Brong Ahafo | 34(7.2) | 47(7.6) | 140(22.3) | 149(15.6) | 370(13.8) | ||
| Northern | 26(5.5) | 111(18.0) | 34(5.4) | 58(6.1) | 229(8.6) | ||
| Upper East | 51(10.8) | 67(10.9) | 37(5.9) | 206(21.5) | 361(13.5) | ||
| Upper West | 66(14.0) | 27(4.4) | 51(8.1) | 133(13.9) | 277(10.4) | ||
| Highest educational level | |||||||
| No education | 118(25.1) | 153(24.8) | 99(15.8) | 273(28.5) | 643(24.1) | 78.946 | 0.001 |
| Primary | 70(14.9) | 80(13.0) | 100(15.9) | 201(21.0) | 451(16.9) | ||
| Secondary | 242(51.4) | 334(54.1) | 352(56.1) | 439(45.8) | 1367(51.1) | ||
| Higher | 41(8.7) | 50(8.1) | 76(12.1) | 45(4.7) | 212(7.9) | ||
| Ethnicity | |||||||
| Akan | 178(37.8) | 209(33.9) | 281(44.8) | 360(37.6) | 1028(38.5) | 150.73 | < 0.001 |
| Ga/Dangme | 34(7.2) | 19(3.1) | 28(4.5) | 27(2.8) | 108(4.0) | ||
| Ewe | 60(12.7) | 107(17.3) | 80(12.8) | 79(8.2) | 326(12.2) | ||
| Guan | 12(2.5) | 18(2.9) | 30(4.8) | 12(1.3) | 72(2.7) | ||
| Mole-Dagbani | 132(28.0) | 159(25.8) | 119(19.0) | 328(34.2) | 738(27.6) | ||
| Grusi | 12(2.5) | 49(7.9) | 52(8.3) | 70(7.3) | 183(6.8) | ||
| Gurma | 23(4.9) | 41(6.6) | 20(3.2) | 38(4.0) | 122(4.6) | ||
| Mande | 4(0.8) | 4(0.6) | 3(0.5) | 25(2.6) | 36(1.3) | ||
| Other | 16(3.4) | 11(1.8) | 14(2.2) | 19(2.0) | 60(2.2) | ||
| Literacy | |||||||
| Cannot read at all | 234(49.7) | 278 | 254(40.5) | 554(57.8) | 1320(49.4) | 69.232 | <0.001 |
| Able to read only parts of sentence | 33(7.0) | 46 | 56(8.9) | 94(9.8) | 229(8.6) | ||
| Able to read whole sentence | 204(43.3) | 293 | 317(50.6) | 309(32.3) | 1123(42.0) | ||
| No card with required language | 0(0) | 0 | 0(0) | 1(0.1) | 1(0.04) | ||
| Place of residence | |||||||
| Urban | 238(50.5) | 343(55.6) | 396(63.2) | 406(42.4) | 1383(51.7) | 70.29 | <0.001 |
| Rural | 233(49.5) | 274(44.4) | 231(36.8) | 552(57.6) | 1290(48.3) | ||
Table 3
Predictors of insured quality of services ratings.
| Significant quality of services variables | Coef. | Std. Err. | T | P>|t| | [95% Conf. | Interval] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | –0.02498 | 0.014185 | –1.76 | 0.078 | –0.0527962 | 0.0028348 |
| Marital status | –0.01673 | 0.022107 | –0.76 | 0.449 | –0.0600736 | 0.0266234 |
| Region | 0.026519 | 0.008075 | 3.28 | 0.001 | 0.0106858 | 0.042353 |
| Highest education | 0.150353 | 0.100919 | 1.49 | 0.136 | –0.0475349 | 0.3482411 |
| Religion | –0.00721 | 0.03793 | –0.19 | 0.849 | –0.0815856 | 0.0671653 |
| Ethnicity | –0.00017 | 0.000148 | –1.16 | 0.245 | –0.0004632 | 0.0001184 |
| Educational attainment | –0.08414 | 0.063149 | –1.33 | 0.183 | –0.2079701 | 0.0396808 |
| Literacy level | –0.08292 | 0.035395 | –2.34 | 0.019 | –0.1523199 | –0.01351 |
| Place of residence | 0.081462 | 0.046216 | 1.76 | 0.078 | –0.0091615 | 0.1720852 |
| Parity | 0.060181 | 0.085094 | 0.71 | 0.479 | –0.1066751 | 0.2270371 |
| Constant value | 2.650105 | 0.284272 | 9.32 | 0 | 2.092688 | 3.207521 |