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Modeling of Eucheuma cottonii habitat suitability in relation to upwelling and the Indian Ocean Dipole in Cilacap and Kebumen Coastal Waters, Indonesia Cover

Modeling of Eucheuma cottonii habitat suitability in relation to upwelling and the Indian Ocean Dipole in Cilacap and Kebumen Coastal Waters, Indonesia

Open Access
|May 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Study area map.

Figure 2

Spatial distribution of sea surface temperature (SST) along the southern coast of Java during June, July, August, and September under negative IOD conditions (2016), normal conditions (2018), and positive IOD conditions (2019).

Figure 3

Habitat suitability model for Eucheuma cottonii aquaculture in the coastal waters of Cilacap and Kebumen under negative IOD (2016), normal (2018), and positive IOD (2019) conditions during June, July, August, and September.

Figure 4

Spatial distribution of sea surface temperature (SST) in the coastal waters of Cilacap and Kebumen under negative IOD (2016), normal (2018), and positive IOD (2019) conditions during June, July, August, and September.

Figure 5

Spatial distribution of surface salinity in the coastal waters of Cilacap and Kebumen under negative IOD (2016), normal (2018), and positive IOD (2019) conditions during June, July, August, and September.

Figure 6

Boxplot distribution of environmental parameter under different climate conditions.

Figure 7

Spatial distribution of nitrate concentrations in the coastal waters of Cilacap and Kebumen under negative IOD (2016), normal (2018), and positive IOD (2019) conditions during June, July, August, and September.

Figure 8

Spatial distribution of surface current velocity in the coastal waters of Cilacap and Kebumen under negative IOD (2016), normal (2018), and positive IOD (2019) conditions during June, July, August, and September.

Figure 9

Bathymetric distribution in the coastal waters of Cilacap and Kebumen.

Figure 10

HSI Sensitivity Map.

Figure 11

Environmental Parameter Sensitivity of HSI.

Results of the Kruskal–Wallis test and their interpretation_

Parameterp-valueH-valueInterpretation
SST0.0188.00Significantly different
Salinity0.0247.45Significantly different
Nitrate0.0188.03Significantly different
Current velocity0.5241.29Not significant

Range and midpoint values of monthly environmental parameters under different climate conditions in the coastal waters of Cilacap and Kebumen_

Year/ConditionMonthValue rangeMean value
SST (°C)
Negative IOD (2016)JuneJulyAugustSeptember29.8–30.329.4–29.829.2–29.629.6–29.830.0529.6029.4029.70
Normal (2018)JuneJulyAugustSeptember27.3–27.724.9–25.424.4–25.124.9–25.727.5025.1524.7525.30
Positive IOD (2019)JuneJulyAugustSeptember25.9–26.624.7–25.323.7–24.323.7–24.826.2525.0024.0024.25
Salinity (PSU)
Negative IOD (2016)JuneJulyAugustSeptember33.2–33.433.5–33.733.7–33.833.3–34.533.3033.6033.7533.90
Normal (2018)JuneJulyAugustSeptember34.1–34.334.5–34.634.7–34.834.6–34.834.2034.5534.7534.70
Positive IOD (2019)JuneJulyAugustSeptember34.2–34.634.6–34.734.7–34.834.6–34.734.4034.6534.7534.65
Nitrate (mmol m−3)
Negative IOD (2016)JuneJulyAugustSeptember0.20.10.00.10.200.100.000.10
Normal (2018)JuneJulyAugustSeptember0.44.04.6–5.03.80.404.004.803.80
Positive IOD (2019)JuneJulyAugustSeptember3.5–4.04.58.1>103.754.508.1010
Current velocity (m s−1)
Negative IOD (2016)JuneJulyAugustSeptember0.03–0.120.03–0.120.10–0.180.03–0.100.0750.0750.1400.065
Normal (2018)JuneJulyAugustSeptember0.04–0.200.07–0.210.03–0.230.26–0.360.1200.1400.1300.310
Positive IOD (2019)JuneJulyAugustSeptember0.02–0.050.12–0.150.12–0.210.13–0.180.0350.1350.1650.155
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26881/oahs-2026.1.12 | Journal eISSN: 1897-3191 | Journal ISSN: 1730-413X
Language: English
Page range: 169 - 206
Submitted on: Feb 3, 2026
Accepted on: Apr 22, 2026
Published on: May 29, 2026
Published by: University of Gdańsk
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2026 Dwi Sunu Widyartini, Ibrahim Kholilullah, published by University of Gdańsk
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.