Geochemistry and provenance of core sediments from the southwestern Okinawa Trough

Huang, Kuo-Ming; Lee, Yung-Tan; Chang, I-An; Huang, Ren-Yi; Lin, Meng-Lung; Hu, Yen-Tsui

doi:10.26881/oahs-2025.1.12

Figures & Tables

Location map shows the study area and the coring sites.

UCC (Taylor & McLennan, 1985) normalized major element variations for cored sediments of this study. UCC, Upper continental crust.

Al2O3 versus ΣFeO and MgO plots for cored sediments of this study.

ICV values of the sediment cores in this study (+: the mean values of ICV for each station). ICV, Index of compositional variability.

High field strength elements versus Al2O3 plots for cored sediments in this study.

High field strength elements versus MgO plots for cored sediments in this study.

High field strength elements versus ΣFeO plots for cored sediments of this study.

Cr/Th versus Sc/Th plots for the cored sediments of this study.

Nb versus Ta and Zr versus Hf, Y plots for cored sediments of this study.

REEs versus Al2O3 plots for cored sediments of this study. REEs, rare earth elements.

Range of chondrite-normalized REE patterns for cored sediments in this study as compared with shale, quartzite, and UCC. Shale from Govindaraju (1989). Quartzite from Meisel et al. (1990). Upper continental crust from Taylor and McLennan (1985). REE, rare earth element; UCC, upper continental crust.

La–Th–Sc variations for cored sediments (variation fields modified from Cullers, 1994). Shale and limestone from Govindaraju (1989). Greywacke from Condie (1993). Quartzite from Meisel et al. (1990).

DF1 versus DF2 plots for cored sediments in this study (variation fields modified from Roser & Korsch, 1986).

K2O/Na2O versus SiO2 plots for cored sediments in this study (variation fields modified from Roser & Korsch, 1986).

Variation diagram of the contribution proportion of core sediments from the Lan-Yang area at distances from the coastline of Taiwan.

Chemical compositions of the cored sediments, end members, and results of mixing model calculations

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
	ST2	ST5	ST11	ST13	ST15	ST5.11. 13.15 (Average)	Average of cored sediments from the Lan-Yang area (EM1)	Average of sediments from the East China Sea continental shelf (EM2)	Average of the Okinawa Trough volcanic rocks (EM3)
(wt%)
SiO₂	57.24	56.87	59.18	62.09	54.38	58.13	62.65	59.87	52.67
Al₂O₃	16.27	14.78	12.89	10.83	12.66	12.79	16.96	8.62	17.70
ΣFeO	6.62	5.72	6.54	5.19	8.31	6.44	7.02	3.88	8.04
MgO	3.5	3.32	3.45	2.95	3.16	3.22	1.70	1.67	3.87
CaO	2.56	4.67	3.33	5.04	5.54	4.65	0.93	10.75	9.30
Na₂O	1.39	1.52	1.40	1.73	1.66	1.58	0.82	1.12	3.24
K₂O	2.68	2.36	2.50	2.21	2.49	2.39	3.02	2.06	1.15
MnO	0.23	0.08	0.15	0.09	0.39	0.18	0.08	0.16	0.15
Results of the mixing model calculations
	ST2	ST5	ST11	ST13	ST15
EM1	71.22%	52.93%	65.72%	47.56%	35.73%	51.88%
EM2	0.00%	18.50%	27.51%	52.44%	22.15%	31.80%
EM3	28.78%	28.57%	6.76%	0.00%	42.12%	16.33%	□	□	□

General description of the cores_

Station	Latitude	Longitude	Water depth (m)	Core recovery (cm)
2	24°56.2′N	122°51.6′E	1635	234
5	25°37′N	124°22′E	1900	230
11	25°11′N	124°00′E	2250	241
13	25°23′N	124°30′E	2050	215
15	25°38′N	125°00′E	2100	105

Major and trace element compositions of cored sediments in the ST15 station of the SOT

Sample (cm)	0–3	7–11	22–24	45–50	80–85	100–105	Avg.
SiO₂ (wt%)	54.44	49.65	50.19	65.56	54.94	51.48	54.38
Al₂O₃	13.65	13.50	8.40	12.22	14.11	14.06	12.66
ΣFeO	10.74	11.00	9.19	3.90	6.80	8.24	8.31
MgO	3.73	3.45	2.43	1.52	3.93	3.89	3.16
CaO	3.19	4.88	14.12	3.30	3.34	4.39	5.54
Na₂O	1.34	1.35	1.50	3.11	1.39	1.27	1.66
K₂O	2.58	2.40	1.39	2.65	3.04	2.90	2.49
MnO	0.924	0.822	0.105	0.102	0.118	0.244	0.386
TiO₂	0.71	0.77	0.51	0.58	0.67	0.62	0.64
P₂O₅	0.13	0.15	0.09	0.09	0.12	0.11	0.12
LOI	8.85	11.78	12.59	7.06	10.41	12.71	10.57
Total	100.288	99.748	100.513	100.094	98.869	99.909
Ba (ppm)	502	483	275	395	471	495	437
Co	15.9	16.4	12.7	5.9	13.9	15.5	13.4
Cr	88.5	80.5	58.2	16.8	79.8	101.0	70.8
Cu	58	67	41	15	31	44	42.7
Li	57.4	51.3	27.7	32.4	70.8	72.1	52.0
Nb	10.9	9.8	9.2	7.0	12.6	11.7	10.2
Ni	48.3	53.5	34.5	12.5	42.1	54.8	40.9
Rb	141	126	71	95	158	161	125
Sc	10.8	10.1	6.1	10.2	12.2	7.9	9.5
Sr	160	191	327	185	168	220	208
Ta	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.4	0.7	0.7	0.6
Th	7.9	7.2	5.6	5.9	9.5	8.3	7.4
U	1.51	1.30	1.63	2.22	2.22	1.95	1.81
V	100	98	52	47	107	113	86
Y	9.5	9.5	9.2	12.0	9.8	9.8	9.9
Zr	38	38	44	117	49	47	55.5
La	25.7	24.8	22.2	18.4	29.7	27.9	24.8
Ce	56.1	52.0	47.6	42.5	62.0	61.3	53.6
Nd	12.2	11.4	10.5	10.4	13.4	12.9	11.8
Sm	4.5	4.2	3.7	4.4	5.1	4.8	4.4
Eu	0.84	0.75	0.64	0.84	0.92	0.92	0.82
Gd	4.35	3.96	3.98	4.45	5.14	4.85	4.46
Tb	0.42	0.39	0.39	0.58	0.52	0.46	0.46
Yb	1.38	1.28	1.19	2.73	1.50	1.45	1.59
Lu	0.19	0.17	0.16	0.40	0.21	0.20	0.22

XRD results of core sediment samples (diffraction peak intensity in counts)

ST2
Depth (cm)	Illite (8.9°)	Chlorite + Kaolinite (12.5°)	Quartz (20.9°)	Feldspar (27.8°)	Calcite (29.4°)	Amphibole (10.5°)
0	279	182	586	445	234	-
30	328	135	484	357	269	-
50	262	137	462	320	250	-
80	234	137	471	303	207	-
ST5
Depth (cm)	Illite (8.9)	Chlorite + Kaolinite (12.5)	Quartz (20.9)	Feldspar (27.8)	Calcite (29.4)	Amphibole (10.5)
10	240	110	480	342	331	-
30	357	237	713	686	557	?
50	246	121	475	404	484	-
70	276	139	520	408	335	-
90	299	149	686	858	471	-
110	331	151	392	353	454	-
130	259	172	462	282	458	-
150	231	74	289	204	219	-
ST11
Depth (cm)	Illite (8.9°)	Chlorite + Kaolinite (12.5°)	Quartz (20.9°)	Feldspar (27.8°)	Calcite (29.4°)	Amphibole (10.5°)
0–2.5	117	237	566	207	104	?
20–25	346	172	484	292	380	-
80–85	253	172	306	296	303	-
133–138	282	172	276	228	253	-
190–195	279	172	493	511	250	?
235–240	346	246	581	246	346	?
ST15
Depth (cm)	Illite (8.9°)	Chlorite + Kaolinite (12.5°)	Quartz (20.9°)
0–3	79	156	462
8–14	234	121	467
18–30	188	96	548
44–46	296	98	400
56–60	310	135	762
100–105	259	177	339
160–165	256	146	292
213–215	172	98	424
ST15
Depth (cm)	Illite (8.9°)	Chlorite + Kaolinite (12.5°)	Quartz (20.9°)
0–3	188	123	156
7–11	346	190	376
22–24	339	106	562
45–50	339	40	207
80–85	350	296	506
100–105	339	117	424

Major and trace element compositions of cored sediments in the ST5 station of the SOT

Sample (cm)	10	30	50	70	90	110	130	150	Avg.
SiO₂ (wt%)	59.27	57.56	57.35	55.98	56.94	55.90	55.48	56.48	56.87
Al₂O₃	15.34	15.13	14.78	14.42	14.67	14.42	14.67	14.77	14.78
ΣFeO	5.83	5.74	5.70	5.86	5.60	5.66	5.86	5.54	5.72
MgO	3.37	3.30	3.31	3.44	3.35	3.27	3.43	3.10	3.32
CaO	4.25	4.64	4.62	4.64	3.90	5.01	5.41	4.86	4.67
Na₂O	1.48	1.46	1.51	1.37	1.44	1.47	1.67	1.74	1.52
K₂O	2.44	2.20	2.21	2.24	2.44	2.43	2.60	2.31	2.36
MnO	0.062	0.069	0.081	0.085	0.075	0.066	0.085	0.082	0.076
TiO₂	0.62	0.67	0.64	0.64	0.58	0.71	0.61	0.55	0.63
P₂O₅	0.13	0.12	0.13	0.12	0.12	0.13	0.09	0.10	0.12
LOI	8.97	9.45	9.53	10.57	9.28	9.97	9.67	9.65	9.64
Total	101.765	100.342	99.858	99.361	98.397	99.039	99.574	99.186
Ba (ppm)	566	567	549	512	546	544	423	479	523
Co	14.2	13.2	13.2	12.8	13.0	13.3	10.5	11.5	12.7
Cr	88.8	81.6	84.6	78.5	80.4	80.2	60.8	69.6	78.1
Cu	34	33	30	30	30	31	22	25	29
Li	68.2	65.3	65.3	65.2	28.8	63.0	47.9	54.4	57.3
Nb	15.8	16.5	17.5	17.1	17.3	15.8	10.5	11.6	15.3
Ni	47.5	39.2	38.9	37.8	38.6	41.1	29.2	33.8	38.3
Rb	170	166	163	163	166	165	119	136	156
Sc	13.6	12.6	12.8	12.6	13.5	13.2	8.9	11.0	12.3
Sr	224	253	254	254	224	252	175	209	231
Ta	0.9	1.2	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.9	0.8	0.9	1.0
Th	10.2	10.5	11.0	10.6	10.9	10.5	8.6	9.8	10.3
U	3.63	3.65	3.78	3.38	3.81	3.48	2.75	3.13	3.45
V	122	117	116	114	120	119	73	84	108
Y	10.8	10.7	10.9	10.7	10.9	10.7	9.8	10.4	10.6
Zr	62	67	79	75	74	61	53	64	67
La	37.4	39.4	41.7	37.5	39.2	38.0	28.8	31.3	36.7
Ce	79.2	82.7	87.1	79.5	83.4	80.9	61.7	68.0	77.8
Nd	16.1	16.4	16.7	15.6	16.3	16.0	13.2	14.3	15.6
Sm	6.1	6.4	6.4	5.9	6.2	6.1	5.0	5.6	6.0
Eu	1.10	1.12	1.11	1.02	1.07	1.06	0.87	0.98	1.04
Gd	5.52	5.71	5.95	5.46	5.70	5.26	4.49	5.28	5.42
Tb	0.56	0.57	0.62	0.57	0.59	0.56	0.47	0.57	0.56
Yb	1.68	1.74	1.77	1.73	1.76	1.72	1.65	1.99	1.76
Lu	0.21	0.23	0.23	0.23	0.24	0.22	0.24	0.29	0.24

Major and trace element compositions of cored sediments in the ST13 station of the SOT

Sample (cm)	0–3	8–14	18–30	44–46	56–60	100–105	160–165	213–215	Avg.
SiO₂ (wt%)	56.44	59.89	69.19	70.48	63.60	60.62	56.48	59.98	62.09
Al₂O₃	7.17	11.20	8.43	11.00	9.47	11.56	14.83	12.94	10.83
ΣFeO	3.77	6.51	4.37	3.34	3.87	6.71	7.01	5.97	5.19
MgO	2.40	3.52	2.57	1.21	2.58	3.85	3.98	3.50	2.95
CaO	14.78	3.98	4.24	2.91	6.93	2.24	2.16	3.06	5.04
Na₂O	1.68	1.43	1.88	3.11	1.68	1.36	1.26	1.47	1.73
K₂O	1.46	2.43	1.63	2.10	1.80	3.06	2.85	2.34	2.21
MnO	0.112	0.079	0.073	0.121	0.058	0.100	0.100	0.110	0.094
TiO₂	0.45	0.64	0.87	0.52	0.57	0.63	0.58	0.62	0.61
P₂O₅	0.10	0.10	0.15	0.08	0.11	0.10	0.09	0.10	0.10
LOI	11.28	10.66	6.10	5.59	9.16	9.30	10.06	9.41	8.95
Total	99.640	100.440	99.499	100.456	99.827	99.534	99.402	99.495
Ba (ppm)	386	485	380	415	406	462	424	434	424
Co	12.4	12.0	9.2	6.5	10.9	13.8	13.2	12.0	11.2
Cr	47.9	76.3	57.9	16.5	49.8	84.8	78.4	70.8	60.3
Cu	15	30	17	11	12	27	27	23	20
Li	33.2	61.2	32.8	26.2	39.0	76.8	75.9	63.9	51.1
Nb	10.1	12.7	14.4	6.9	11.0	12.1	9.7	12.2	11.1
Ni	31.0	39.2	23.9	13.2	26.0	37.9	37.3	33.2	30.2
Rb	89	154	95	88	104	166	163	143	125
Sc	6.7	11.2	8.4	8.6	7.9	14.7	11.8	11.1	10.1
Sr	356	198	171	163	239	118	97	139	185
Ta	0.7	0.8	1.0	0.4	0.7	0.8	0.6	0.8	0.7
Th	5.7	8.9	9.8	6.1	7.2	10.3	8.1	9.5	8.2
U	1.54	1.78	1.95	2.00	1.82	2.17	1.78	2.13	1.90
V	57	102	67	41	68	107	98	90	79
Y	9.3	9.9	10.5	11.8	9.7	10.0	9.7	9.8	10.1
Zr	42	52	61	106	47	49	38	48	55
La	23.8	29.6	48.9	19.9	27.9	30.5	27.8	30.8	29.9
Ce	51.2	65.5	102.9	46.1	59.4	68.0	62.2	68.4	65.5
Nd	11.4	13.8	20.9	11.1	12.9	14.4	13.1	14.3	14.0
Sm	4.1	5.2	8.1	4.7	4.8	5.7	5.0	5.3	5.4
Eu	0.79	0.98	1.20	0.89	0.87	0.98	0.91	1.02	0.96
Gd	4.20	4.93	7.18	4.59	5.00	5.60	4.56	5.27	5.17
Tb	0.44	0.50	0.67	0.59	0.49	0.54	0.45	0.53	0.53
Yb	1.25	1.55	1.71	2.56	1.43	1.53	1.41	1.62	1.64
Lu	0.19	0.22	0.24	0.39	0.21	0.23	0.18	0.23	0.24

Major and trace element compositions of cored sediments in the ST2 station of the SOT

Sample (cm)	0	30	50	80	Avg.
SiO₂ (wt%)	57.85	57.06	56.48	57.56	57.24
Al₂O₃	15.54	16.36	16.20	16.97	16.27
ΣFeO	6.65	6.77	6.63	6.44	6.62
MgO	3.43	3.51	3.50	3.53	3.49
CaO	2.18	2.52	2.75	2.78	2.56
Na₂O	1.38	1.45	1.36	1.35	1.39
K₂O	2.61	2.73	2.69	2.71	2.68
MnO	0.663	0.101	0.084	0.077	0.231
TiO₂	0.74	0.68	0.67	0.68	0.69
P₂O₅	0.16	0.13	0.12	0.12	0.13
LOI	8.89	8.69	9.09	9.00	8.92
Total	100.094	99.998	99.571	101.213
Ba (ppm)	657	584	620	593	613
Co	14.8	14.0	14.2	14.0	14.3
Cr	90.6	85.7	90.0	85.2	87.9
Cu	56	35	34	34	40
Li	69.2	65.5	69.2	67.9	67.9
Nb	18.1	18.2	16.8	18.0	17.8
Ni	44.6	40.4	43.0	40.8	42.2
Rb	189	184	189	188	187
Sc	14.5	14.4	13.8	14.2	14.2
Sr	177	173	173	187	178
Ta	1.1	1.0	1.4	1.2	1.2
Th	12.2	9.7	11.0	11.3	11.1
U	2.06	1.81	1.84	1.91	1.91
V	140	134	129	127	133
Y	10.4	10.7	10.3	10.4	10.4
Zr	61	67	50	58	59
La	39.8	39.2	37.0	39.2	38.8
Ce	85.6	83.6	80.9	84.7	83.7
Nd	16.2	16.0	15.8	16.1	16.0
Sm	6.3	6.1	6.1	6.0	6.1
Eu	1.12	1.08	1.12	1.09	1.10
Gd	5.66	5.17	5.40	5.45	5.42
Tb	0.55	0.53	0.55	0.57	0.55
Yb	1.74	1.67	1.61	1.66	1.67
Lu	0.23	0.22	0.21	0.23	0.22

Major and trace element compositions of cored sediments in the ST11 station of the SOT

Sample (cm)	0–2.5	20–25	80–85	133–138	190–195	235–240	Avg.
SiO₂ (wt%)	59.10	55.16	55.10	55.89	62.73	67.10	59.18
Al₂O₃	14.27	13.91	14.52	13.76	11.82	9.06	12.89
ΣFeO	8.76	6.67	7.14	7.04	5.70	3.93	6.54
MgO	2.98	4.04	3.78	3.83	3.45	2.65	3.46
CaO	3.37	2.73	2.67	2.70	3.12	5.39	3.33
Na₂O	1.48	1.21	1.13	1.24	1.59	1.76	1.40
K₂O	1.89	2.94	2.77	3.02	2.44	1.92	2.50
MnO	0.239	0.165	0.142	0.134	0.111	0.081	0.145
TiO₂	0.72	0.72	0.69	0.69	0.65	0.54	0.67
P₂O₅	0.13	0.11	0.09	0.12	0.12	0.11	0.11
LOI	8.72	11.5	11.4	10.87	8.18	6.96	9.61
Total	101.656	99.157	99.436	99.292	99.908	99.499
Ba (ppm)	469	516	429	528	466	401	468
Co	14.7	15.2	12.6	13.9	12.5	11.0	13.3
Cr	80.4	95.4	82.8	90.4	76.6	62.7	81.4
Cu	53	40	32	35	27	16	34
Li	48.2	77.5	64.4	74.9	59.8	36.8	60.3
Nb	11.5	14.0	11.6	13.3	12.7	10.8	12.3
Ni	41.3	44.7	39.5	42.1	35.9	31.5	39.1
Rb	132	184	151	178	145	101	149
Sc	9.4	14.0	11.6	13.1	11.4	7.9	11.2
Sr	165	154	126	153	147	180	154
Ta	0.8	0.9	0.7	1.1	0.9	0.8	0.9
Th	7.7	9.9	8.2	11.4	7.8	7.7	8.8
U	1.46	2.28	1.77	2.37	1.71	1.71	1.88
V	90	123	103	117	99	64	99
Y	9.8	10.3	9.8	10.1	9.9	9.6	9.9
Zr	43	57	48	51	46	42	48
La	31.5	34.4	28.6	33.4	32.0	30.3	31.7
Ce	65.6	73.3	61.2	73.0	69.6	64.2	67.8
Nd	14.0	14.9	12.6	15.0	14.7	14.1	14.2
Sm	5.3	5.6	4.7	5.8	5.6	5.3	5.4
Eu	0.95	0.99	0.81	1.03	0.98	0.91	0.95
Gd	4.64	4.95	4.03	5.52	4.84	5.17	4.86
Tb	0.47	0.49	0.41	0.55	0.49	0.49	0.48
Yb	1.50	1.68	1.42	1.68	1.46	1.38	1.52
Lu	0.20	0.23	0.19	0.25	0.20	0.21	0.21

Geochemistry and provenance of core sediments from the southwestern Okinawa Trough

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14

Figure 15

Chemical compositions of the cored sediments, end members, and results of mixing model calculations

General description of the cores_

Major and trace element compositions of cored sediments in the ST15 station of the SOT

XRD results of core sediment samples (diffraction peak intensity in counts)

Major and trace element compositions of cored sediments in the ST5 station of the SOT

Major and trace element compositions of cored sediments in the ST13 station of the SOT

Major and trace element compositions of cored sediments in the ST2 station of the SOT

Major and trace element compositions of cored sediments in the ST11 station of the SOT

Paradigm

My account