Metal pollution status and health risk assessment of beach sediments along the Mersin coast, Turkey

Özbay, Özgür; Akçay, İsmail

doi:10.26881/oahs-2023.4.07

Figures & Tables

The location of Mersin province and the study area

Ecological and health risk assessments of beach sediments along the Mersin coast

Correlations between the values of indices calculated to evaluate ecological and health risk

Mean metal concentrations of beach sediments obtained in the 2006–2009 period, sampling sites and references (sampling sites were shown on Figure 1)

Region/Location	# of stations visited	Heavy Metals (HM) (Mean)(mg kg^-1)								Reference
Region/Location	# of stations visited	Cd	Cu	Pb	Zn	Cr	Ni	Mn	Fe	Reference
Mersin (Karataş-Kızkalesi)	60	0.21	15.85	10.23	52.55	1512.41	279.09	766.60	34078.00	Yalcın et al. (2013) Çevik (2009)
Kızkalesi	20	4.21	10.13	4.55	19.75	554.00	186.80	586.00	18803.00	Yalcın & İlhan (2008)
Susanoğlu	33	4.32	12.81	5.51	17.80	428.06	145.52	333.85	13909.09	Yalcın (2009)
Taşucu	33	4.45	7.50	3.39	13.52	349.61	99.09	230.42	5900.00	Yalcın et al. (2020)

Calculation of chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotients (HQ), hazard index (HI), cancer risk (CR), and total lifetime cancer risk (TCR) (USEPA 2002; Pavilonis et al_ 2017; Magni et al_ 2021; Abbasi et al_ 2022; Al-Kahtany & El-Sorogy 2023)

Non-Carcinogenic	Carcinogenic	Parameter*	Unit	Adult	Child
		ED (Exposure Duration)	years	24	6	*USEPA (2002)
		EF(Exposure Frequency)	days years^-1	350
HI < 1 non-carcinogenic risk	TCR < 1.00E-06 No significant health hazards	BW (Body Weight)	kg	70	15
	TCR < 1.00E-06 No significant health hazards	AT (Average Time)	years (365 x ED)	8760	2190
	TCR < 1.00E-06 No significant health hazards	IngR (Ingestion Rate)	mg day^-1	100	200
HI < 1 non-carcinogenic risk	TCR < 1.00E-06 No significant health hazards	SA (Skin Surface Area Exposed)	cm²	5700	2800
	TCR < 1.00E-04 High risk of carcinogenesis	AFs (Skin-soil adherence factor)	mg cm^-2	0.07	0.2
	TCR < 1.00E-04 High risk of carcinogenesis	CF (Conversion Factor)	kg mg^-1	1.00E-06
		ABS (Absorption Factor Dermal)	-	0.001
		HM (Heavy Metals Sediment)	mg kg^-1	Table 1

Assessment of metal pollution in beach sediments along the Mersin coast based on EF, Igeo and CF

HM	Enrichment factor (EF)				Geoaccumulation index (Igeo)				Contamination factor (CF)
HM	Mersin	Kızkalesi	Susanoğlu	Taşucu	Mersin	Kızkalesi	Susanoğlu	Taşucu	Mersin	Kızkalesi	Susanoğlu	Taşucu
Cd	0.98	35.08	48.66	118.16	-1.08	3.23	3.26	3.31	0.71	14.03	14.40	14.83
Cu	0.44	0.51	0.87	1.19	-8.46	-2.89	-2.55	-3.32	0.004	0.20	0.26	0.15
Pb	0.71	0.57	0.93	1.35	-1.55	-2.72	-2.45	-3.15	0.51	0.23	0.28	0.17
Zn	0.81	0.55	0.67	1.20	-1.36	-2.77	-2.92	-3.32	0.58	0.22	0.20	0.15
Cr	20.86	13.85	14.46	27.85	3.33	1.89	1.51	1.22	15.12	5.54	4.28	3.50
Ni	4.81	5.84	6.15	9.87	1.22	0.64	0.28	-0.28	3.49	2.34	1.82	1.24
Mn	1.24	1.72	1.33	2.16	-0.73	-1.12	-1.93	-2.47	0.90	0.69	0.40	0.27

Ecological assessment of metal pollution in sediments

Enrichment factor (EF)^a EF=HMxHMFeSampleHMxsHMFeshale $EF = {{{{\left( {{{H{M_x}} \over {H{M_{Fe}}}}} \right)}_{Sample}}} \over {{{\left( {{{H{M_{xs}}} \over {H{M_{Fe}}}}} \right)}_{shale}}}}$	Geoaccumulation index (Igeo)^b Igeo=log2HMx1.5×HMxs ${I_{geo}} = lo{g_2}\left( {{{H{M_x}} \over {1.5 \times H{M_{xs}}}}} \right)$
EF classification Degree of enrichment	Igeo value Class Designation of sediment quality
< 2 Depletion to mineral enrichment	Igeo ≤ 0 Unpolluted
2 ≤ EF < 5 Moderate	0 < Igeo ≤ 1 Unpolluted - moderately polluted
5 ≤ EF < 20 Significant	1 < Igeo ≤ 2 Moderately polluted
20 ≤ EF < 40 Very high	2 < Igeo ≤ 3 Moderately - strongly polluted
EF > 40 Extremely high	3 < Igeo ≤ 4 Strongly polluted
	4 <Igeo ≤ 5 Strongly - extremely polluted
	lgeo > 5 Extremely polluted
Contamination factor (CF)^c	CF classification
CF=HMxHMxs $CF = {{H{M_x}} \over {H{M_{xs}}}}$	CF < 1 Low
	1 ≤ CF < 3 Moderately
	3≤ CF <6 Considerable
	CF ≥ 6 Very high

Reference dose (RfD) and cancer slope factor (CSF) values of heavy metals

HM	Non-Carcinogenic		Carcinogenic
	RfD_ing. (Reference Dose Ingestion)	RfD_der. (Reference Dose Dermal)	CSF_ing. (Cancer Slope Factor Ingestion)	CSF_der. (Cancer Slope Factor Dermal)
	mg kg^-1 day^-1
Cd^a	1.00E-03	2.50E-05	5.01E-01	2.00E+01
Cu^b	2.00E-02	5.40E-03	1.70E+00	4.25E+01
Pb^a	1.40E-04	5.24E-04	8.50E-03	8.50E-03
Zn^a	3.00E-01	6.00E-02	-	-
Cr^a	3.00E-03	3.00E-03	5.01E-01	2.00E+01
Ni^a	2.00E-02	5.40E-03	1.70E+00	4.25E+01
Mn^c	1.40E-01	5.60E-03	-	-
Fe^d	7.00E-01	7.00E-01	-	-

Health risk assessment of beach sediment along the Mersin coast based on CDI, HQ, HI, CR and TCR from ingestion and dermal contact pathways in children and adults

		HM	Adult				Child
		HM	Mersin	Kızkalesi	Susanoğlu	Taşucu	Mersin	Kızkalesi	Susanoğlu	Taşucu
CDI_ing.		Cd	2.91E-07	5.77E-06	5.92E-06	6.10E-06	2.72E-06	5.38E-05	5.52E-05	5.69E-05
		Cu	2.17E-05	1.39E-05	1.75E-05	1.03E-05	2.03E-04	1.30E-04	1.64E-04	9.59E-05
		Pb	1.40E-05	6.23E-06	7.55E-06	4.64E-06	1.31E-04	5.82E-05	7.04E-05	4.33E-05
		Zn	7.20E-05	2.71E-05	2.44E-05	1.85E-05	6.72E-04	2.53E-04	2.28E-04	1.73E-04
		Cr	2.07E-03	7.59E-04	5.86E-04	4.79E-04	1.93E-02	7.08E-03	5.47E-03	4.47E-03
		Ni	3.82E-04	2.56E-04	1.99E-04	1.36E-04	3.57E-03	2.39E-03	1.86E-03	1.27E-03
		Mn	1.05E-03	8.03E-04	4.57E-04	3.16E-04	9.80E-03	7.49E-03	4.27E-03	2.95E-03
		Fe	4.67E-02	2.58E-02	1.91E-02	8.08E-03	4.36E-01	2.40E-01	1.78E-01	7.54E-02
CDI_der.		Cd	1.16E-09	2.30E-08	2.36E-08	2.43E-08	7.61E-09	1.51E-07	1.55E-07	1.59E-07
		Cu	8.66E-08	5.54E-08	7.00E-08	4.10E-08	5.67E-07	3.63E-07	4.59E-07	2.68E-07
		Pb	5.59E-08	2.49E-08	3.01E-08	1.85E-08	3.66E-07	1.63E-07	1.97E-07	1.21E-07
		Zn	2.87E-07	1.08E-07	9.73E-08	7.39E-08	1.88E-06	7.07E-07	6.37E-07	4.84E-07
		Cr	8.27E-06	3.03E-06	2.34E-06	1.91E-06	5.41E-05	1.98E-05	1.53E-05	1.25E-05
		Ni	1.53E-06	1.02E-06	7.95E-07	5.42E-07	9.99E-06	6.69E-06	5.21E-06	3.55E-06
		Mn	4.19E-06	3.20E-06	1.82E-06	1.26E-06	2.74E-05	2.10E-05	1.20E-05	8.25E-06
		Fe	1.86E-04	1.03E-04	7.60E-05	3.22E-05	1.22E-03	6.73E-04	4.98E-04	2.11E-04
Non-carcinogenic	HQ_ing.	Cd	2.91E-04	5.77E-03	5.92E-03	6.10E-03	2.72E-03	5.38E-02	5.52E-02	5.69E-02
		Cu	1.09E-03	6.94E-04	8.77E-04	5.14E-04	1.01E-02	6.48E-03	8.19E-03	4.79E-03
		Pb	1.00E-01	4.45E-02	5.39E-02	3.32E-02	9.34E-01	4.16E-01	5.03E-01	3.10E-01
		Zn	2.40E-04	9.02E-05	8.13E-05	6.17E-05	2.24E-03	8.42E-04	7.59E-04	5.76E-04
		Cr	6.91E-01	2.53E-01	1.95E-01	1.60E-01	6.45E+00	2.36E+00	1.82E+00	1.49E+00
		Ni	1.91E-02	1.28E-02	9.97E-03	6.79E-03	1.78E-01	1.19E-01	9.30E-02	6.33E-02
		Mn	7.50E-03	5.73E-03	3.27E-03	2.25E-03	7.00E-02	5.35E-02	3.05E-02	2.10E-02
		Cd	6.67E-02	3.68E-02	2.72E-02	1.15E-02	6.22E-01	3.43E-01	2.54E-01	1.08E-01
	HQ_der.	Cd	4.65E-05	9.20E-04	9.44E-04	9.73E-04	3.05E-04	6.03E-03	6.19E-03	6.37E-03
		Cu	1.60E-05	1.03E-05	1.30E-05	7.59E-06	1.05E-04	6.72E-05	8.49E-05	4.97E-05
		Pb	1.07E-04	4.75E-05	5.75E-05	3.54E-05	6.99E-04	3.11E-04	3.76E-04	2.32E-04
		Zn	4.79E-06	1.80E-06	1.62E-06	1.23E-06	3.14E-05	1.18E-05	1.06E-05	8.07E-06
		Cr	2.76E-03	1.01E-03	7.80E-04	6.37E-04	1.80E-02	6.61E-03	5.11E-03	4.17E-03
		Ni	2.82E-04	1.89E-04	1.47E-04	1.00E-04	1.85E-04	1.24E-04	9.65E-05	6.57E-05
		Mn	7.48E-04	5.72E-04	3.26E-04	2.25E-04	4.90E-03	3.75E-03	2.13E-03	1.47E-03
		Fe	2.66E-04	1.47E-04	1.09E-04	4.61E-05	1.74E-03	9.62E-04	7.11E-04	3.02E-04
	HI	Cd	3.38E-04	6.69E-03	6.86E-03	7.07E-03	3.02E-03	5.99E-02	6.14E-02	6.33E-02
		Cu	1.10E-03	7.04E-04	8.90E-04	5.21E-04	1.02E-02	6.54E-03	8.27E-03	4.84E-03
		Pb	1.00E-01	4.46E-02	5.40E-02	3.32E-02	9.35E-01	4.16E-01	5.04E-01	3.10E-01
		Zn	2.45E-04	9.20E-05	8.29E-05	6.30E-05	2.27E-03	8.53E-04	7.69E-04	5.84E-04
		Cr	6.93E-01	2.54E-01	1.96E-01	1.60E-01	6.46E+00	2.37E+00	1.83E+00	1.49E+00
		Ni	1.94E-02	1.30E-02	1.01E-02	6.89E-03	1.79E-01	1.20E-01	9.31E-02	6.34E-02
		Mn	8.25E-03	6.31E-03	3.59E-03	2.48E-03	7.49E-02	5.73E-02	3.26E-02	2.25E-02
		Fe	6.70E-02	3.69E-02	2.73E-02	1.16E-02	6.24E-01	3.44E-01	2.55E-01	1.08E-01
Carcinogenic	CR_ing.	Cd	1.46E-07	2.89E-06	2.96E-06	3.05E-06	1.36E-06	2.70E-05	2.77E-05	2.85E-05
		Cu	3.69E-05	2.36E-05	2.98E-05	1.75E-05	3.45E-04	2.20E-04	2.78E-04	1.63E-04
		Pb	1.19E-07	5.30E-08	6.42E-08	3.95E-08	1.11E-06	4.94E-07	5.99E-07	3.68E-07
		Cr	1.04E-03	3.80E-04	2.94E-04	2.40E-04	9.69E-03	3.55E-03	2.74E-03	2.24E-03
		Ni	6.50E-04	4.35E-04	3.39E-04	2.31E-04	6.07E-03	4.06E-03	3.16E-03	2.15E-03
	CR_der.	Cd	2.33E-08	4.60E-07	4.72E-07	4.86E-07	1.52E-07	3.01E-06	3.09E-06	3.19E-06
		Cu	3.68E-06	2.35E-06	2.98E-06	1.74E-06	2.41E-05	1.54E-05	1.95E-05	1.14E-05
		Pb	4.75E-10	2.11E-10	2.56E-10	1.57E-10	3.11E-09	1.38E-09	1.68E-09	1.03E-09
		Cr	1.65E-04	6.06E-05	4.68E-05	3.82E-05	1.08E-03	3.97E-04	3.06E-04	2.50E-04
		Ni	6.48E-05	4.34E-05	3.38E-05	2.30E-05	4.25E-04	2.84E-04	2.21E-04	1.51E-04
	TCR	c	1.69E-07	3.35E-06	3.44E-06	3.54E-06	1.51E-06	3.00E-05	3.08E-05	3.17E-05
		Cu	4.06E-05	2.59E-05	3.28E-05	1.92E-05	3.69E-04	2.36E-04	2.98E-04	1.74E-04
		Pb	1.20E-07	5.32E-08	6.44E-08	3.96E-08	1.11E-06	4.96E-07	6.00E-07	3.69E-07
		Cr	1.20E-03	4.41E-04	3.41E-04	2.78E-04	1.08E-02	3.95E-03	3.05E-03	2.49E-03
		Ni	7.15E-04	4.78E-04	3.73E-04	2.54E-04	6.49E-03	4.34E-03	3.38E-03	2.30E-03

Metal pollution status and health risk assessment of beach sediments along the Mersin coast, Turkey

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Mean metal concentrations of beach sediments obtained in the 2006–2009 period, sampling sites and references (sampling sites were shown on Figure 1)

Calculation of chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotients (HQ), hazard index (HI), cancer risk (CR), and total lifetime cancer risk (TCR) (USEPA 2002; Pavilonis et al_ 2017; Magni et al_ 2021; Abbasi et al_ 2022; Al-Kahtany & El-Sorogy 2023)

Assessment of metal pollution in beach sediments along the Mersin coast based on EF, Igeo and CF

Ecological assessment of metal pollution in sediments

Reference dose (RfD) and cancer slope factor (CSF) values of heavy metals

Health risk assessment of beach sediment along the Mersin coast based on CDI, HQ, HI, CR and TCR from ingestion and dermal contact pathways in children and adults

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