Morphological asymmetry in two marine fish species Acanthopagrus arabicus (Family: Sparidae) and Planiliza klunzingeri (Family: Mugilidae), collected from brackish and freshwater environments in southern Iraq

Jawad, Laith A.; Al-Saboonchi, Azhar A.; Musa, Zainab J.; Nazal, Azhar M.; Al-Dirawi, Ahmed M. H.

doi:10.26881/oahs-2023.2.07

Figures & Tables

A) Acanthopagrus arabicus (176 mm TL) collected from Shatt al-Arab River; B) Planiliza klunzingeri (180 mm TL) collected from Shatt al-Arab River

Planiliza klunzingeri (180 mm TL) collected from Shatt al-Arab River showing the morphometric characters used in the asymmetry study. Head length, HL; snout length, SNL; eye diameter, ED; caudal peduncle length, CPL.

Comparison of the coefficient of asymmetry (CV2a) of six and five morphological characters of Acanthopagrus arabicus and Planiliza klunzingeri, respectively examined in the present study with those of other fish species collected from locations around the world_

Species	Coefficient of asymmetry (CV²_a)						Reference
Species	Snout length SnL	Eye diameter ED	Head length HL	Caudal peduncle length CPL	Number of pectoral fin ray PFR	Number of lateral line scales LLS	Reference
Acanthopagrus arabicus Shatt al-Arab River	89.371	78.874	63.412	75.981	65.412	77.982	Present study
Shatt al-Basrah Canal	87.964	75.651	64.914	73.912	65.298	74.329
Planiliza klunzingeri Shatt al-Arab River	92.751	81.376	61.286	79.518	73.298	81.297
Shatt al-Basrah Canal	87.251	79.521	69.825	77.538	70.156	80.312
Saurida tumbil	98.77	87.48	91.92	88.74	79.69	89.96	Jawad and Abed (2020)
Callionymidae Callionymus margaretae	19.10	65.00	18.57	-	31.58	-	Al-Mamry et al. (2011b)
Carangidae Carangoides caeruleopinnatus	5.65	18.29	2.87	-	10.04	-	Jawad et al. (2011a)
Decapterus russelli	18.37	21.36	-	-	11.55	14.05	Jawad et al. (2010)
Cichlidae Coptodon guineensis	20.7	58.3	-	-	-	48.7	Jawad et al. (2016)
Coptodon zillii	33.48	56.09	-	-	15.85	-	Jawad (2002)
Sarotherodon melanotheron	28.4	49.4	-	-	-	48.7	Jawad et al. (2016)
Claroteidae Chrysichthys auratus	61.3	60.4	62.8	-	62.1	-	Jawad and Gnohossou (2019)
Clupeidae Sardinella longiceps	123.2	125.3	98.4	-	178.7	-	Jawad et al. (2012e)
Gerreidae Pentaprion longimanus	328.29	92.90	50.50		478.98		Jawad et al. (2011b)
Hemiramphidae Rhynchorhamphus georgii	2.44	121.30	0.51	-	24.20	-	Al-Mamry et al. (2011a)
Leiognathidae Leiognathus equula	25.76	0	17.03		3.25		Al-Mamry et al. (2011a)
Mugilidae Mugil cephalus	62.2	59.6	58.4	-	60.1	-	Jawad and Gnohossou (2019)
Mullidae Upeneus doriae	1.35	0	25.81	-	4.47	-	Jawad et al. (2012d)
Pinguipedidae Parapercis alboguttata	59.64	-	12.39	-	34.70	6.81	Jawad et al. (2012a)
Scombridae Auxis thazard	154.57	55.74	12.11	-	47.33	-	Jawad et al. (2012c)
Rastrelliger kanagurta	12.19	35.30	-	-	35.30	-	Jawad et al. (2001)
Siganidae Siganus rivulatus	24.62	47.08	8.84	-	80.75	-	Al-Mamry et al. (2011–2012)
Siluridae Heteropneustes fossilis	95.78	-	-	-	87.24	-	Al-Hassan et al. (1990)
Sparidae Boops boops	3.03	23.98	-	-	36.69	-	Jawad (2003)
Diplodus annularis	35.49	18.60	-	-	10.43	-
Diplodus vulgaris	28.14	9.53	-	-	-	-
Lithognathus mormyrus	26.31	35.30	-	-	-	-
Tetraodontidae Lagocephalus sceleratus	74.88	22.8	9.677	-	39.7	-	Jawad (2013)

The heavy metal concentrations in the Shatt al-Arab River and Shatt al-Basrah Canal sediments and comparison with sediment quality guideline and different literature (Mean ± SD) (mg kg-1 dry weight)

Location	Cd	Cr	Cu	Fe	Ni	Pb	Reference
Shatt al-Arab River	0.76 ± 0.4	84.47 ± 4.4	28.9 ± 4.7	25272 ± 920	29.71 ± 7.4	2.38 ± 2.1	Present study
Shatt al-Basrah Canal	0.76 ± 0.1	13.41 ± 2.1	22.56 ± 9.8	22732 ± 4084	28.21 ± 6.7	4.03 ± 2.0	Present study
Shatt al-Arab River	0.17 – 2.8	81.8 – 112.4	21.8 – 44.0	5452 – 7584	530 – 811	11.3 – 28.1	Abaychi and Douable 1985
Shatt al-Arab River	0.3	48.1	39.6	6205	57.2	19.0	Abaychi and Al-Saad 1988

Squared coefficient asymmetry (CV2a) values and character means (Xr + 1) of Acanthopagrus arabicus and Planiliza klunzingeri collected from Shatt al-Arab River and Shatt al-Basrah Canal, Iraq

	Location	Characters
	Location	Snout length	Eye diameter	Head length	Caudal peduncle length	Pectoral fin ray count	Number of lateral line scales
Acanthopagrus arabicus
CV²a	Shatt al-Arab River	89.371	78.874	63.412	75.981	65.412	77.982
CV²a	Shatt al-Basrah Canal	87.964	75.651	64.914	73.912	65.298	74.329
N	Shatt al-Arab River	50	50	50	50	50	50
N	Shatt al-Basrah Canal	50	50	50	50	50	50
Character mean (Xr + 1)	Shatt al-Arab River	0.9	1.4	3.65	1.3	12.5	37
Character mean (Xr + 1)	Shatt al-Basrah Canal	0.80	1.29	3.59	1.29	12.40	36
% of individuals with asymmetry	Shatt al-Arab River	83	85	86	89	86	87
% of individuals with asymmetry	Shatt al-Basrah Canal	81	82	82	86	81	82
Planiliza klunzingeri
CV²a	Shatt al-Arab River	92.751	81.376	61.286	79.518	73.298	-
CV²a	Shatt al-Basrah Canal	87.251	79.521	69.825	77.538	70.156	-
N	Shatt al-Arab River	50	50	50	50	50	-
N	Shatt al-Basrah Canal	50	50	50	50	50	-
Character mean (Xr + 1)	Shatt al-Arab River	0.7	1.95	3.30	1.55	13.5	-
Character mean (Xr + 1)	Shatt al-Basrah Canal	0.6	1.86	3.29	1.53	13.3	-
% of individuals with asymmetry	Shatt al-Arab River	89	87	88	91	89	-
% of individuals with asymmetry	Shatt al-Basrah Canal	76	74	81	89	87	-

Squared coefficient asymmetry (CV2a) values and character means (Xr+ 1) of Acanthopagrus arabicus collected from Shatt al-Arab River and Shatt al-Basrah Canal, Iraq

Character	CV²_a	N	Character mean	% of individuals with asymmetry
Acanthopagrus arabicus
Shatt al-Arab River
Snout length
101 – 130	76.354	10	0.90	70
131 – 150	78.426	25	0.87	86
151 – 180	80.631	15	0.86	92
Eye diameter
101 – 130	65.981	10	1.40	67
131 – 150	67.421	25	1.38	87
151 – 180	72.332	15	1.40	93
Head length
101 – 130	77.541	10	3.64	88
131 – 150	79.981	25	3.62	79
151 – 180	81.321	15	3.65	91
Caudal peduncle length
101 -130	65.552	10	1.29	95
131 – 150	69.442	25	1.30	93
151 – 180	71.332	15	1.28	86
Number of pectoral fin rays
101 – 130	67.771	10	12.4	88
131 – 150	69.991	25	12.5	79
151 – 180	72.441	15	12.2	95
Number of lateral line scales
101 – 130	81.932	10	37	93
131 – 150	82.554	25	36	90
151 – 180	84.221	15	35	87
Shatt al-Basrah Canal
Snout length
101 – 130	55.221	10	0.79	88
131 – 150	56.551	25	0.80	76
151 – 180	57.112	15	0.78	82
Eye diameter
101 – 130	61.331	10	1.28	91
131 – 150	61.998	25	1.29	87
151 – 180	62.778	15	1.27	88
Head length
101 – 130	73.221	10	3.58	77
131 – 150	74.001	25	3.59	43
151 – 180	75.112	15	3.57	88
Caudal peduncle length
101 – 130	81.239	10	1.28	92
131 – 150	81.998	25	1.29	90
151 – 180	82.552	15	1.29	94
Number of pectoral fin rays
101 – 130	77.321	10	12.40	89
131 – 150	77.998	25	12.39	85
151 – 180	78.999	15	12.38	84
Number of lateral line scales
101 – 130	78.8871	10	36	78
131 – 150	78.999	25	36	89
151 – 180	79.932	15	36	95

The heavy metal concentrations in the waters of the Shatt al-Arab River and Shatt al-Basrah Canal and comparison with guidelines and different literature (Mean ± SD) (mg l-1)

Location	Cd	Cr	Cu	Fe	Ni	Pb	Reference
Shatt al-Arab River	0.02 ± 0.002	0.009 ± 0.005	0.01 ± 0.001	0.9 ± 0.4	0.004 ± 0.002	0.03 ± 0.007	Present study
Shatt al-Basrah Canal	0.02 ± 0.012	0.059 ± 0.004	0.01 ± 0.003	0.89 ± 0.95	0.059 ± 0.006	0.025 ± 0.007	Present study
Shatt al-Arab River	3.01	-	2.35	89.45	9.51	7.58	Al-Hejuje et al. 2017
WHO	0.01	0.05	2	-	0.02	0.05	WHO, 1993
EC	5	50	2	0.2	20	10	EC, 1989

Spectral lines used in emission measurements and the instrumental detection limit for the elements measured by using ICP–AES

Element	Wave length (nm)	Instrumental detection limit (μg l^-1)
Cd	227.9	0.001
Cr	268.7	0.006
Cu	325.9	0.013
Fe	258.6	0.07
Ni	230.7	0.05
Pb	221.5	0.05

The heavy metal concentrations of Acanthopagrus arabicus and Planiliza klunzingeri samples from the Shatt al-Arab River and Shatt al-Basrah Canal (Mean ± SD) (mg kg-1 wet weight)

Location/species	Cd	Cr	Cu	Fe	Ni	Pb	Reference
Shatt al-Arab River
Acanthopaqrus arabicus	0.18 ± 0.07	1.19 ± 0.73	3.85 ± 2.18	16.65 ± 6.99	1.28 ± 1.18	2.15 ± 2.09	Present study
Planiliza klunzingeri	0.19 ± 0.06	1.20 ± 0.73	3.90 ± 2.20	16.95 ± 6.89	1.30 ± 1.19	2.17 ± 2.12	Present study
Shatt al-Basrah Canal
Acanthopagrus arabicus	0.17 ± 0.08	1.18 ± 0.74	3.81 ± 2.16	16.96 ± 6.79	1.29 ± 1.17	2.15 ± 2.10	Present study
Planiliza klunzingeri	0.20 ± 0.05	1.19 ± 0.71	3.85 ± 2.13	16.99 ± 6.69	1.99 ± 6.69	2.17 ± 2.15	Present study
Avşar Dam Lake, Turkey	0.17 ± 0.07	1.18 ± 0.73	3.85 ± 2.18	1116.55 ± 6.99	1.27 ± 1.18	2.14 ± 2.09	Öztürk et al. 2009

Squared coefficient asymmetry (CV2a) values and character means (Xr+ 1) of Planiliza klunzingeri collected from Shatt al-Arab River and Shatt al-Basrah Canal, Iraq

Character	CV²_a	N	Character mean	% of individuals with asymmetry
Planiliza klunzingeri
Shatt al-Arab River
Snout length
141 – 150	89.751	20	0.70	89
151 – 160	90.332	15	0.68	93
161 – 170	91.256	10	0.70	96
171 – 180	92.665	5	0.69	92
Eye diameter
141 – 150	81.998	20	1.96	88
151 – 160	83.552	15	1.98	85
161 – 170	84.998	10	1.95	82
171 – 180	85.002	5	1.95	89
Head length
141 – 150	88.286	20	3.29	78
151 – 160	88.990	15	3.30	77
161 – 170	89.543	10	3.28	75
171 – 180	90.432	5	3.30	86
Caudal peduncle length
141 – 150	78.998	20	1.49	91
151 – 160	80.442	15	1.54	99
161 – 170	85.678	10	1.55	98
171 – 180	88.965	5	1.53	99
Number of pectoral fin rays
141 – 150	75.664	20	13.4	77
151 – 160	78.987	15	13.5	69
161 – 170	80.425	10	13.6	89
171 – 180	84.763	5	13.5	98
Shatt al-Basrah Canal
Snout length
141 – 150	88.776	15	0.58	77
151 – 160	88.995	20	0.59	86
161 – 170	89.435	10	0.60	87
171 – 180	90.993	5	0.57	89
Eye diameter
141 – 150	79.998	15	1.85	92
151 – 160	80.554	20	1.87	97
161 – 170	85.667	10	1.86	98
171 –180	88.798	5	1.84	99
Head length
141 – 150	68.998	15	3.28	96
151 – 160	69.443	20	3.26	97
161 – 170	71.775	10	3.29	87
171 – 180	72.003	5	3.25	88
Caudal peduncle length
141 – 150	79.998	15	1.52	84
151 – 160	80.332	20	1.54	85
161 – 170	83.665	10	1.53	88
171 – 180	87.442	5	1.53	89
Number of pectoral fin rays
141 – 150	80.366	15	13.2	98
151 – 160	83.281	20	13.3	98
161 – 170	84.987	10	13.5	99
171 – 180	87.669	5	13.3	92

Morphological asymmetry in two marine fish species Acanthopagrus arabicus (Family: Sparidae) and Planiliza klunzingeri (Family: Mugilidae), collected from brackish and freshwater environments in southern Iraq

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 2

Comparison of the coefficient of asymmetry (CV2a) of six and five morphological characters of Acanthopagrus arabicus and Planiliza klunzingeri, respectively examined in the present study with those of other fish species collected from locations around the world_

The heavy metal concentrations in the Shatt al-Arab River and Shatt al-Basrah Canal sediments and comparison with sediment quality guideline and different literature (Mean ± SD) (mg kg-1 dry weight)

Squared coefficient asymmetry (CV2a) values and character means (Xr + 1) of Acanthopagrus arabicus and Planiliza klunzingeri collected from Shatt al-Arab River and Shatt al-Basrah Canal, Iraq

Squared coefficient asymmetry (CV2a) values and character means (Xr+ 1) of Acanthopagrus arabicus collected from Shatt al-Arab River and Shatt al-Basrah Canal, Iraq

The heavy metal concentrations in the waters of the Shatt al-Arab River and Shatt al-Basrah Canal and comparison with guidelines and different literature (Mean ± SD) (mg l-1)

Spectral lines used in emission measurements and the instrumental detection limit for the elements measured by using ICP–AES

The heavy metal concentrations of Acanthopagrus arabicus and Planiliza klunzingeri samples from the Shatt al-Arab River and Shatt al-Basrah Canal (Mean ± SD) (mg kg-1 wet weight)

Squared coefficient asymmetry (CV2a) values and character means (Xr+ 1) of Planiliza klunzingeri collected from Shatt al-Arab River and Shatt al-Basrah Canal, Iraq

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