Biomonitoring of radioactive contamination using benthic invertebrate communities in Manzala Lake, Egypt

Imam, Noha; Bendary, Reda E.

doi:10.26881/oahs-2023.2.02

Figures & Tables

Map of the study area indicating the sampling sites in the Manzala Lake

Taxa distribution within the Manzala Lake in (A) winter and (B) summer. The size of the squares is proportional to the density (the bigger squares, the higher density).

The dendrogram of hierarchical clustering (CLUSTER) using average group abundance of each sampling site

Contour maps of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs activity concentration in water samples of Manzala Lake

Contour maps of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs activity concentration in sediment samples of Manzala Lake

Contour maps of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs activity concentration in benthos samples of Manzala Lake

(A) RDA triplot illustrating associations between benthic invertebrate species and radioactive elements in sediment. (B) RDA triplot illustrating associations between benthic invertebrate species and radioactive elements in water and water quality variables. For acronyms, see supplementary data, Table S.

Comparison of the activity concentrations of 226Ra (U-238 series), 232Th-series, 40K and 137Cs in water (Bq l-1), sediment, and benthic invertebrates (Bq kg-1) of Manzala Lake with different areas

Locations	²²⁶Ra (U-238 series)	²³²Th-series	⁴⁰K	¹³⁷Cs	Note	References
Manzala Lake	1.28 ± 0.15 34.18 ± 2.34 50.39 ± 3.7	1.41 ± 0.23 24 ± 2.23 38.02 ± 3.88	6.88 ± 0.82 394.9 ± 12.4 926.31 ± 23.45	0.35 ± 0.03 2.84 ± 0.23 2.28 ± 0.15	Water sediment benthic invertebrates	Present study
Lake Qarun, Egypt	6.4	3.2	31.3	-	Salt water	Amin 2013
Marsa Alam-Shalateen area, Red Sea coast, Egypt	˂ 0.7 - 6.31	˂ 0.6	˂ 3 to 38.17	-	Sea water	Arafat et al. 2017
Lake Nasser, Egypt	0.43 ± 0.08 26 ± 1.6	0.44 ± 0.1 19 ± 1.5	4.4 ± 0.93 255.6 ± 7.9	-	Fresh water Sediment	Imam et al. 2020
Manzala Lake	20.2 (4.3-47.5)	14.8 (1.9-7.3)	285.8 (127.6 -409.1)	-	sediment	Mitwalli et al. 2022
Burullus Lake, Egypt	14.3	20	312	2.7-15.9	sediment	El-Reefy et al. (2010)
Niger Delta flood plain lakes (Biseni), Nigeria	25±4.4	22±4.4	220±63		sediment	Agbalagba and Onoja 2011
Marine environment, Kuwait	7.3–20.5	-	353–445	1.0–3.1	sediment	Uddin et al. 2015
Coast of Greater Accra, Ghana	22.04	108.60	29.78	-	Shore sediment	Amekudzie et al. 2011
Coastal Waters Syria	6.04	-	218.8	2.69	Mollusks	Ammar et al. 2009

The activity concentrations of radionuclides in water (Bq l-1), sediment, and benthic invertebrates (Bq kg-1) during the summer season in Manzala Lake

	²²⁶Ra	²³²Th	⁴⁰K	¹³⁷Cs (mBq l^-1)	²²⁶Ra	²³²Th	⁴⁰K	¹³⁷Cs	²²⁶Ra	²³²Th	⁴⁰K	¹³⁷Cs
Sites	water				sediment				benthic invertebrates
M1	0.98 ± 0.10	1.68 ± 0.25	7.43 ± 0.92	0.57 ± 0.04	41.60 ± 3.25	30.24 ± 3.00	325.85 ± 13.65	4.50 ± 0.35	48.49 ± 3.40	33.36 ± 3.47	861.01 ± 19.94	4.20 ± 0.19
M2	1.12 ± 0.10	1.48 ± 0.16	5.78 ± 0.61	0.59 ± 0.05	42.90 ± 3.74	27.75 ± 4.06	273.54 ± 18.46	4.80 ± 0.41	50.70 ± 3.77	38.35 ± 2.99	869.88 ± 21.12	3.90 ± 0.24
M3	1.60 ± 0.29	1.58 ± 0.39	8.79 ± 1.70	0.63 ± 0.05	34.26 ± 1.92	15.60 ± 1.63	471.56 ± 11.70	5.60 ± 0.45	30.37 ± 1.77	35.65 ± 2.64	738.20 ± 13.02	3.70 ± 0.24
M4	1.46 ± 0.24	1.21 ± 0.33	3.44 ± 0.82	0.24 ± 0.03	38.47 ± 2.63	26.10 ± 2.95	453.33 ± 15.13	2.80 ± 0.21	37.09 ± 2.60	36.12 ± 3.34	722.69 ± 18.52	1.50 ± 0.14
M5	1.47 ± 0.11	1.17 ± 0.14	3.43 ± 0.33	0.20 ± 0.02	44.90 ± 3.42	18.85 ± 1.95	459.33 ± 18.53	2.40 ± 0.20	80.93 ± 6.67	50.50 ± 6.35	1866.50 ± 46.90	0.96 ± 0.10
M6	1.72 ± 0.20	0.90 ± 0.19	10.78 ± 1.36	0.14 ± 0.01	32.51 ± 2.00	18.11 ± 1.51	379.30 ± 10.77	1.30 ± 0.10	39.65 ± 3.25	42.38 ± 2.47	759.66 ± 16.06	0.80 ± 0.05
M7	1.67 ± 0.22	1.97 ± 0.30	5.27 ± 0.62	0.12 ± 0.01	48.10 ± 1.66	28.23 ± 1.36	423.15 ± 8.13	0.98 ± 0.05	45.83 ± 2.77	36.21 ± 3.22	652.10 ± 15.05	0.70 ± 0.05
M8	0.77 ± 0.08	1.62 ± 0.18	7.40 ± 0.77	0.19 ± 0.02	34.12 ± 2.28	18.02 ± 2.09	416.99 ± 12.88	1.10 ± 0.10	111.32 ± 8.13	68.59 ± 8.01	1532.97 ± 48.43	0.92 ± 0.10
M9	1.30 ± 0.12	1.07 ± 0.17	7.90 ± 0.79	0.25 ± 0.03	29.67 ± 2.16	36.46 ± 2.58	623.90 ± 14.83	1.40 ± 0.10	46.51 ± 4.36	44.02 ± 5.87	1043.92 ± 31.44	1.50 ± 0.14
M10	1.31 ± 0.08	1.18 ± 0.10	11.79 ± 0.65	0.50 ± 0.04	39.85 ± 3.38	42.48 ± 3.24	637.13 ± 15.99	4.20 ± 0.31	64.74 ± 5.98	56.94 ± 7.15	1243.88 ± 35.64	3.00 ± 0.19
Mean	1.34 ± 0.16	1.39 ± 0.22	7.20 ± 0.86	0.34 ± 0.03	38.64 ± 2.64	26.18 ± 2.43	446.41 ± 14.01	2.91 ± 0.23	55.56 ± 4.27	44.21 ± 4.55	1029.08 ± 26.61	2.12 ± 0.14

Community of benthic invertebrates (ind_ m-2) at the different stations in Manzala Lake

Class	Family	Species	n (Ind. m^-2)										Average
Class	Family	Species	M1	M2	M3	M4	M5	M6	M7	M8	M9	M10	Average
Mollusca
Bivalvia	Cyrenidae	Corbicula fluminalis	38	25	0	25	0	0	0	38	125	0	25
	Cardiidae	Cerastoderma glaucum	63	0	250	50	0	0	63	0	0	0	43
	Tellinidae	Macoma cumana	0	0	63	25	0	0	0	0	0	0	9
Gastropoda	Thiaridae	Melanoides tuberculata	275	63	313	775	275	25	125	250	163	25	229
	Hydrobiidae	Hydrobia ventrosa	250	250	625	250	0	0	25	63	0	25	149
	Planorbidae	Bulinus truncatus	0	0	0	0	63	0	0	1313	0	0	138
		Gyraulus ehrenbergi	0	0	0	0	625	0	250	7000	0	125	800
		Helisoma duryi	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	13	1
		Biomphalaria alexandrina	0	0	0	0	375	0	250	0	0	0	63
	Paludomidae	Cleopatra bulimoides	0	0	0	0	25	0	0	0	563	0	59
	Ampullariidae	Pila ovata	0	0	0	0	0	0	125	0	0	0	13
	Bellamyinae	Bellamya unicolor	0	0	0	0	0	0	63	138	1875	25	210
	Lymnaeidae	Lymnaea natalensis	0	0	0	0	0	0	25	188	0	0	21
	Physidae	Physa acuta	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	125	0	0	13
	Neritidae	Theodoxus niloticus	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	25	0	3
	Potamididae	Pirenella conica	0	0	250	125	63	0	0	0	0	0	44
	Ampullariidae	Lanistes carinatus	0	0	0	0	500	0	0	0	0	0	50
subtotal			625	338	1500	1250	1925	25	926	9113	2750	213	1866
Annelida
Polychaeta	Nereididae	Nereis diversicolor	250	0	1750	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	200
	Serpulidae	Ficopomatus enigmaticus	250	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	25
	Spionidae	Polydora ligni	0	0	250	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	25
Clitellata	Salifidae	Barbronia assiuti	0	0	0	0	0	0	188	0	0	0	19
	Naididae	Chaetogaster lamnaei	0	0	88	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	9
		Branchiura sowerbyi	0	250	0	0	0	0	250	0	50	0	55
		Limnodrilus udekedmianus	125	0	125	0	0	0	0	0	0	500	75
subtotal			625	250	2213	0	0	0	438	0	50	500	408
Arthropoda
Ostracoda	Cyprididae	Ostracodes sp.	1875	1250	625	1875	625	250	1250	2188	313	125	1038
Thecostraca	Balanidae	Amphibalanus amphitrite	0	0	2250	0	0	0	125	0	0	0	238
Malacostraca	Corophiidae	Corophium volutator	0	0	6250	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	625
	Sphaeromatidae	Sphaeroma sp.	0	0	250	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	25
	Palaemonidae	Palaemon elegans	0	750	0	63	25	0	0	0	0	0	84
Insecta	Chironomidae	Chironomus sp.	188	0	0	75	0	0	188	0	0	25	48
subtotal			2063	2000	9375	2013	650	250	1563	2188	313	150	2056
Total			3313	2588	13088	3263	2575	275	2926	11300	3113	863	4330

Population density (ind_ m-2), species number (sp_ m-2), species richness (SR), equitability (E), and the diversity index (H') benthic invertebrates in the investigated stations

Station
	M1	M2	M3	M4	M5	M6	M7	M8	M9	M10
Total individuals m^-2	3314	2588	13089	3263	2576	275	2927	11303	3114	863
Total species m^-2	9	6	13	9	9	2	13	9	7	8
(SR)	0.99	0.64	1.27	0.99	1.02	0.18	1.50	0.86	0.75	1.04
(E)	0.69	0.72	0.67	0.58	0.82	0.44	0.78	0.53	0.63	0.65
(H')	1.53	1.30	1.71	1.28	1.80	0.30	2.00	1.17	1.23	1.35

Site descriptions, coordinates, and the nearest discharge source of the selected sites in Manzala Lake

Site	Site description	Nearest inputs	Source of discharge	Latitude	Longitude
M1	In front of Boughaz El-Gamil	El- QabutyEl-GamilAlhuria-Port Said	seawaterseawatersewage	31.247127° N	32.199660° E
M2	In front of Boughaz New El-Gamil	El- QabutyEl-GamilAlhuria-Port Said	seawaterseawatersewage	31.288324° N	32.164858° E
M3	In front of Boughaz El-Boughdady	the El-DibahEnania Canal	seawateragricultural waste	31.346610° N	31.997482° E
M4	Middle of the lake	Indirect discharge		31.268021° N	32.061836° E
M5	Middle of the lake	Indirect discharge		31.275370° N	32.013763° E
M6	Bahr El Bashtir 1, in front of Bahr El-Baqer Drain	Bahr El-Baqer Drain	various waste	31.200735° N	32.203058° E
M7	Bahr El Bashtir 2, in front of the new Bahr El-Baqer Drain, south of the Lake	New Bahr El-Baqer Drain	various waste	31.184773° N	32.081840° E
M8	At the discharge point, Hadous and Ramsis Drains	Hadous DrainRamsis Drain	agricultural wasteagricultural waste	31.173402° N	32.074642° E
M9	In front of the El-Matariya Drain	El-Matariya Drain	agricultural waste	31.190334° N	32.039202° E
M10	In front of the El-Serw Drain	El-Serw Drain	agricultural waste	31.253946° N	31.858180° E

The concentration factors (CF) of radionuclides for total benthic invertebrates (L kg-1)

Sites	Ra-226 (U-238 series)		Th-232 series		K-40		Cs-137
Sites	winter	summer	winter	summer	winter	summer	winter	summer
M1	1.49 × 10²	1.76 × 10²	0.53 × 10²	0.7 × 10²	0.4 × 10³	0.41 × 10³	0.25 × 10²	0.26 × 10²
M2	1.36 × 10²	1.61 × 10²	0.7 × 10²	0.9 × 10²	0.54 × 10³	0.54 × 10³	0.27 × 10²	0.24 × 10²
M3	0.73 × 10²	0.68 × 10²	0.61 × 10²	0.81 × 10²	0.28 × 10³	0.3 × 10³	0.21 × 10²	0.21 × 10²
M4	1.13 × 10²	0.9 × 10²	0.69 × 10²	1.07 × 10²	0.8 × 10³	0.75 × 10³	0.21 × 10²	0.23 × 10²
M5	1.93 × 10²	1.97 × 10²	1.03 × 10²	1.54 × 10²	1.40 × 10³	1.94 × 10³	0.22 × 10²	0.17 × 10²
M6	0.7 × 10²	0.83 × 10²	1.26 × 10²	1.67 × 10²	0.25 × 10³	0.25 × 10³	0.31 × 10²	0.2 × 10²
M7	0.83 × 10²	0.98 × 10²	0.5 × 10²	0.66 × 10²	0.44 × 10³	0.4 × 10³	0.25 × 10²	0.21 × 10²
M8	3.4 × 10²	5.17 × 10²	0.87 × 10²	1.51 × 10²	0.58 × 10³	0.74 × 10³	0.17 × 10²	0.17 × 10²
M9	1.51 × 10²	1.28 × 10²	1.08 × 10²	1.47 × 10²	0.3 × 10³	0.47 × 10³	0.19 × 10²	0.22 × 10²
M10	1.49 × 10²	1.76 × 10²	1.29 × 10²	1.72 × 10²	0.38 × 10³	0.38 × 10³	0.24 × 10²	0.22 × 10²
Mean	1.5 × 10²	1.7 × 10	0.86 × 10²	1.2 × 10²	0.54 × 10³	0.62 × 10³	0.23 × 10²	0.21 × 10²

The activity concentrations of radionuclides in water (Bq l-1), sediment, and benthic invertebrates (Bq kg-1) during the winter season in Manzala Lake

	²²⁶Ra	²³²Th	⁴⁰K	¹³⁷Cs (mBq l^-1)	²²⁶Ra	²³²Th	⁴⁰K	¹³⁷Cs	²²⁶Ra	²³²Th	⁴⁰K	¹³⁷Cs
Sites	water				sediment				benthic invertebrates
M1	0.89 ± 0.09	1.72 ± 0.26	6.75 ± 0.84	0.59 ± 0.04	32 ± 2.50	25.20 ± 2.50	250.65 ± 10.50	4.28 ± 0.33	37.30 ± 2.62	25.66 ± 2.67	782.73 ± 18.13	4.20 ± 0.23
M2	1.02 ± 0.09	1.51 ± 0.16	5.25 ± 0.55	0.61 ± 0.05	33 ± 2.88	23.12 ± 2.88	210.41 ± 14.20	4.56 ± 0.39	39 ± 2.90	29.50 ± 2.30	790.80 ± 19.20	4.60 ± 0.31
M3	1.45 ± 0.26	1.61 ± 0.40	7.99 ± 1.55	0.65 ± 0.05	26 ± 1.47	13.00 ± 1.47	362.74 ± 9.00	5.32 ± 0.43	29.49 ± 1.92	27.38 ± 2.65	630.36 ± 13.66	3.80 ± 0.20
M4	1.32 ± 0.22	1.23 ± 0.33	3.13 ± 0.75	0.25 ± 0.03	29 ± 2.02	21.75 ± 2.02	348.72 ± 11.64	2.66 ± 0.20	41.78 ± 2.80	23.70 ± 2.72	713.51 ± 17.52	1.50 ± 0.10
M5	1.34 ± 0.10	1.20 ± 0.15	3.12 ± 0.30	0.21 ± 0.02	34 ± 2.63	15.71 ± 2.63	353.33 ± 14.25	2.28 ± 0.19	72.22 ± 2.65	34.72 ± 2.57	1219.74 ± 15.55	1.30 ± 0.10
M6	1.56 ± 0.19	0.92 ± 0.19	9.80 ± 1.24	0.15 ± 0.01	25 ± 1.54	15.09 ± 1.54	291.77 ± 8.29	1.24 ± 0.10	30.50 ± 2.50	32.60 ± 1.90	690.60 ± 14.60	1.30 ± 0.08
M7	1.52 ± 0.20	2.01 ± 0.31	4.79 ± 0.57	0.13 ± 0.01	37 ± 1.28	23.52 ± 1.28	325.50 ± 6.26	0.93 ± 0.05	35.26 ± 2.13	27.85 ± 2.47	592.82 ± 13.69	0.90 ± 0.07
M8	0.70 ± 0.08	1.65 ± 0.18	6.73 ± 0.70	0.20 ± 0.02	26 ± 1.76	15.01 ± 1.76	320.77 ± 9.91	1.05 ± 0.10	66.79 ± 6.95	40.23 ± 6.72	1085.66 ± 45.02	0.96 ± 0.08
M9	1.18 ± 0.11	1.09 ± 0.17	7.18 ± 0.72	0.26 ± 0.03	22 ± 1.66	30.38 ± 1.66	479.92 ± 11.41	1.33 ± 0.10	50.05 ± 2.34	32.90 ± 2.60	598.28 ± 13.18	1.40 ± 0.14
M10	1.19 ± 0.07	1.21 ± 0.10	10.72 ± 0.59	0.52 ± 0.04	30 ± 2.60	35.40 ± 2.60	490.10 ± 12.30	3.99 ± 0.29	49.80 ± 4.60	43.80 ± 5.50	1130.80 ± 32.40	3.50 ± 0.23
Mean	1.22 ± 0.14	1.42 ± 0.23	6.55 ± 0.78	0.36 ± 0.03	29.72 ± 2.03	21.82 ± 2.03	343.39 ± 10.78	2.76 ± 0.22	45.22 ± 3.14	31.83 ± 3.21	823.53 ± 20.29	2.35 ± 0.15

Long-term changes of a physicochemical parameters in the water of Manzala Lake

Date	Temp.	Salinity ‰ (TDS)	pH	DO mg l^-1	References
1967		17.24			Youssef 1973
1985		5.37			El-Araby 1990
1986			7.6 - 8.8		Khedr 1989
1985-1986	12 - 30.1	0.4 - 36	7.34 - 10	2.4 - 15.0	Khalil 1990b
1993	20.7 ± 8.3		8.2 ± 0.6	6.85 ± 6.8	Badawy et al. 1995
1994					Zyadah (1995)
1997		2.13 - 39.13	7.6 - 8.8	0 - 9.8	Dewidar & Khedr (2001)
1999	17.6 - 30.5		6.69 - 8.8	0.0 - 5.9	Abdel-satar 2001
2000-2001			6.84 - 8.86	1.0 - 10.5	El-Enani 2004
2000-2001				0.51 - 14.30	Yacoub et al. 2005
2001	12.35 - 29.14	2.53	7.7 - 7.8	6.27 - 10.78	Shakwer 2005
2004		11 - 22.5	7.45 - 8.9	0 - 10.2	Ali 2008
2012	12.2 - 33	0.55 - 36	7.2 - 8.8	2.6 - 14.3	EL-Saharty 2014
2011	12.7 - 30.6		7 - 9.4	0 - 14.56	Elshemy 2016
2015	14 - 27.5	1.1 - 17.3	7.7 - 8.88	1.6 - 11.8	Elmorsi et al. 2017
2017-2018	14.3 - 35.5		7.68 - 9	0.7 - 12.4	Behary et al. 2019
2020	15.6 - 23.45	1.39 - 21.9	7.62 - 8.93	Nd - 14.7	Present study

The environmental parameters of water samples in Manzala Lake (Source: Mahmoud et al_ 2020)

	Temp (°C)		pH		Trans. (cm)		DO (mg l^-1)		TDS (mg l^-1)
	winter	summer	winter	summer	winter	summer	winter	summer	winter	summer
M1	15.6	32.34	7.93	8.89	35	20	5.04	14.7	2.905	4.69
M2	16.3	32.36	8.6	8.67	12	25	9.47	11.8	4.788	14.567
M3	16.8	32.28	8.4	8.5	12	35	6.96	7.5	8.981	21.903
M4	16.2	32.32	8.89	8.93	15	20	11.85	13.59	4.396	2.7041
M5	16.2	32.45	8.97	8.66	15	30	14.06	7.35	4.515	6.062
M6	16.9	29.22	7.62	7.62	10	12	0.7	0	2.618	2.2246
M7	16.6	29.28	8.12	7.91	20	23	9.8	1.63	3.255	2.3534
M8	16.2	29.5	7.72	7.56	15	23	1.6	0.44	2.625	2.5277
M9	16.3	30.33	7.93	7.68	10	67	6.34	12.5	1.393	1.1676
M10	15.6	31.65	8.5	8.52	15	20	8.9	5.55	1.743	4.9602
Min	15.6	29.22	7.62	7.56	10	12	0.7	0	1.393	1.1676
Max	16.9	32.45	8.97	8.93	35	67	14.06	14.7	8.981	21.903
Mean	16.27	31.173	8.268	8.294	15.9	27.5	7.472	7.506	3.7219	6.3159
StDev	0.435	1.417	0.475	0.542	7.34	15.2	4.24	5.55	2.174	6.68

Biomonitoring of radioactive contamination using benthic invertebrate communities in Manzala Lake, Egypt

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Comparison of the activity concentrations of 226Ra (U-238 series), 232Th-series, 40K and 137Cs in water (Bq l-1), sediment, and benthic invertebrates (Bq kg-1) of Manzala Lake with different areas

The activity concentrations of radionuclides in water (Bq l-1), sediment, and benthic invertebrates (Bq kg-1) during the summer season in Manzala Lake

Community of benthic invertebrates (ind_ m-2) at the different stations in Manzala Lake

Population density (ind_ m-2), species number (sp_ m-2), species richness (SR), equitability (E), and the diversity index (H') benthic invertebrates in the investigated stations

Site descriptions, coordinates, and the nearest discharge source of the selected sites in Manzala Lake

The concentration factors (CF) of radionuclides for total benthic invertebrates (L kg-1)

The activity concentrations of radionuclides in water (Bq l-1), sediment, and benthic invertebrates (Bq kg-1) during the winter season in Manzala Lake

Long-term changes of a physicochemical parameters in the water of Manzala Lake

The environmental parameters of water samples in Manzala Lake (Source: Mahmoud et al_ 2020)

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