The Effect of Core Self-Evaluation on the Process of Gradual Retirement Among Middle-Aged and Older Workers
By: Shih-Nien Lee, Ton-Chu Chang and Shu-Huei Lin
References
- Abele, A. E., Hagmaier, T., & Spurk, D. (2016). Does career success make you happy? The mediating role of multiple subjective success evaluations. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 17(4), 1615–1633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9662-4
- Alan Gustman & Thomas L Steinmeier.(2000).Retirement in dual-career families: a structural model. Journal of Labor Economics, 2000, vol. 18, issue 3, 503-45.
- Aryee, M. J., Jaffe, A. E., Corrada-Bravo, H., Ladd-Acosta, C., Feinberg, A. P., Hansen, K. D., et al. (2014). Minfi: a flexible and comprehensive Bioconductor package for the analysis of Infinium DNA Methylation microarrays. Bioinformatics 30, 1363–1369. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu049
- Awan, K., Ahmad, N., Naveed, R. T., Scholz, M., Adnan, M., & Han, H. (2021). The impact of work– family enrichment on subjective career success through job engagement: A case of banking sector. Sustainability, 13(16), 8872.
- Ballout, H. I. (2009). Career commitment and career success: moderating role of self-efficacy. Career Development International, 14(7), 655-670.
- Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
- Bono, J. & Judge, T.(2003) . Self-concordance at work: Toward understanding the motivational effects of transformational leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 46:554-571.
- Cahill, K. E., & Quinn, J. F. (2020). The importance of gradual retirement in America today. Public Policy & Aging Report, 30(3), 107-112.
- Cahill, K. E., Giandrea, M. D., & Quinn, J. F. (2006). Retirement Patterns from Career Employment. The Gerontologist, 46(4), 514–523. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/46.4.514
- Chen, Chun-Hsi & Lin, Chiu- Hui.(2018). Proactive Personality and Career Success: The Mediating
- Effect of Achievement Striving. East Coast Management Review; Vol 20, Issue 1 (2018 / 07 / 01), P97 - 130.
- Chen, Ganghua., Shi Huimin., Zhao, Lijun., & Huang Songshan. (2021). Are Backpackers Unique? A Comparative Analysis of the Core Self-evaluation between Chinese Backpackers and Mass Tourists. Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan; 2021, Vol. 36 Issue 10, p125-139, 15p
- Chen, Kuanjeng., Wan-Chun Chuang., & Chingli Yang. (2015). “Factors Influencing Gradual Retirement among Middle-Aged and Older Workers in Taiwan,” Journal of Human Resource Management,15(1): 87-108.
- Chen, Wei-Chou (2019). A Study on the Relationships between JobEmbeddedness and Turnover Intention ofEmployee in Taiwan Technology Industry: TheModerating Role of Job Satisfaction. (Master’s thesis. Fu Jen Catholic University), https://hdl.handle.net/11296/ct53bq
- Chiang, Y. H. Hsu, C. C. & Hung, K. P. (2014). Core self-evaluation and workplace creativity. Journal Of Business Research,67,1405-1413.
- Chuang, S. C. (2013). Time pressure and the endowment effect. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 4313-4323.
- Denis Waitley, Reni L. Witt. (2021). The joy of working: The 30 day system to success, Wealth, and Happiness on the Job. Commonwealth Publishing Co., Ltd..
- Eckert, K. J., Cox, D., & Morgan, L. A. (1999). The meaning of family-like care among operators of small board and care homes. Journal of Aging Studies, 13, 333-347.
- Fasbender, U., Wang, M., Voltmer, J.-B., & Deller, J. (2016). The meaning of work for post-retirement employment decisions. Work, Aging and Retirement, 2, 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/work-ar/wav015.
- Freund, A. (2005). Commitment and Job Satisfaction as Predictors’ Turnover Intentions among Welfare Workers. Administration in Social Work, 29, 5-21.http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J147v29n02_02
- G20 (2019) “Framework Working Group Summary Document on Macroeconomic: Implications of Population Aging,”May 31; IMF(2019), “Macroeconomics of Aging and Policy Implications,” G-20 Background Note, Jun. 5.
- Gattiker, U. E., & Larwood, L. (1986). Subjective career success: a study of managers and support personnel. Journal of Business and Psychology, 1(2), 78-94.
- Guo, Jia-yue., & Cheng, Yao-chung. (2021). Research on the Relationship between Job Satisfaction and the Intention to Stay in Various Industrial and Occupational Categories in Taiwan. Journal of National Quemoy University.Volume 9(2), 2021.10, 97-120
- Halbesleben, J.R.B. & Wheeler, A.R. (2008). The Relative Roles of Engagement and Embeddedness in Predicting Job Performance and Intention to Leave. Work & Stress, 22, 242-256.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678370802383962
- Hall, D. T. (1976). Careers in organizations. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
- Hall, D. T. (2002). Careers in and out of organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Hannes, Z. (2014). Career adaptability predicts subjective career success above and beyond personality traits and core self-evaluations. Journal of Vocational Behavior. Volume 84, Issue 1, February 2014, Pages 21-30
- Hou, Dianmu, & Qiao, Congcong. (2017). Exploring the relationship between core self-evaluation and job satisfaction. Management Insights (18), 4. DOI: CNKI:SUN:GLKW.0.2017-18-019
- Hsieh Mei-O. (2017). Understanding Factors Affecting Homecare Workers’ Job Retention Willingness. Soochow journal of social work, Vol. 33, 27 – 62.
- IMF (2019),“Macroeconomics of Aging and Policy Implications,” G-20 Background Note, Jun. 5.
- Jane E.Dutton (2001). Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. The Academy of Management Review, 26(2),179-201. DOI:10.2307/259118
- Judge TA, Locke EA, Durham CC. (1997). The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach. Research in Organizational Behavior, 19, 151-188.
- Judge, T. A. Locke, E.A. & Durham, C.C. (1998). Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: The role of core evaluations. Journal Of Applied Psychology,83(1):17-34.
- Judge, T. A. Locke, E.A. & Durham, C.C. (1998). Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: The role of core evaluations. Journal Of Applied Psychology,83(1):17-34.
- Judge, T. A., & Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2011). Implications of core self-evaluations for a changing organizational context. Human Resource Management Review, 21(4), 331-341.
- Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Erez, A., & Locke, E. A. (2005). Core self-evaluations and job and life satisfaction: The role of self-concordance and goal attainment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 257–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.2.257
- Judge, T. A., Bono, J. y Locke, E. (2000). Personality and job satisfaction: The mediating role of job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.85.2.237
- Judge, T. A., Cable, D., (1997). Applicant personality, organizational culture, and organization attraction. Personnel psychology. 50(2), 359-394.
- Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Thoresen, Carl J.(2003). The core self-evaluations scale: Development of a measure. Personnel Psychology, 56.303-331.
- Judge, T. A., Woolf, E. F., & Hurst, C. (2009). Is emotional labor more difficult for some than for others? A multilevel, experience-sampling study. Personnel Psychology, 62(1), 57–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.01129.x
- Judge, T.A. & Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluation traits-self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability-with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 86(1),80-92.
- Kalokerinos, E. K., von Hippel, C., & Henry, J. D. (2015). Job attitudes are differentially associated with bridge employment and phased retirement among older Australian employees. Work, Aging and Retirement, 1(2), 190-201.
- Kim, H., DeVaney, .A.(2005). The Selection of Partial or Full Retirement by Older Workers. J Fam Econ Iss 26, 371–394 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-005-5903-8
- Kuo, Z. C. (2016). Evaluation and Implications of the Fixed Employment Rate System for the Middle-aged and Senior Citizens in Japan and South Korea, New Social Policy, 48, 66-70.
- Lee, Kuan-Ju (2019). Research of the relation between aging employees age and working motivation- Discussion of the mediate effect of the meaning of work. Master’s Thesis, Institute of Human Resource Management, National Central University (NCU)
- Lu, Huei-Chung (2018), “To Be a Typical or an Atypical Worker? Decision Modes and Determinants of Employment Patterns for Male and Married Female Laborers in Taiwan”, Taipei Economic Inquiry, 5(2): 119-189. (in Chinese)
- Lu, Sian-Bo (2018). A Confirmatory Study on the Relationship Between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction on Turnover Intention – Taking the personnel of ASE’’s Kaohsiung Factory Production Line as an Example.(Master’s thesis. Shu-Te University of Science and Technology, https://hdl.handle.net/11296/t84jr5
- Mittal, V., & Kamakura, W. A. (2001). Satisfaction, repurchase intent, and repurchase behavior: Investigating the moderating effect of customer characteristics. Journal of Marketing Research, 38(1), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.38.1.131.18832
- Miu IV, Rozylowicz L, Popescu VD, Anastasiu P. (2020). Identification of areas of very high biodiversity value to achieve the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 key commitments. PeerJ 8:e10067 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10067
- Moddy’s (2019), “Government of Taiwan – Aa3 stable: Annual Credit Analysis,” Jul. 2
- Mor-Barak, M. E. (1995). The meaning of work for older adults seeking employment: The generativity factor. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 41(4), 325–344.
- Ng, T. W. H., Eby, L. T., Sorensen, K. L., & Feldman, D. C. (2005). Predictors of objective and subjective career success: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 58, 367-408.
- OECD (2015), Enabling the next production revolution, OECD Publishing, Paris.of a theory, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, August 1976 pp.
- Packer Edith (1985), Understanding the subconscious, The Jefferson School of Philosophy, Economics & Psychology (1 Oct. 1985), 16 pages
- Pratt, M. G., & Ashforth, B. E. (2003). Fostering meaningfulness in working and at work. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline (pp. 309-327). San Francisco, CA: Berret-Koehler.
- Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 36(4), 717–731. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206553
- Price, J.L. (2001) Reflections on the Determinants of Voluntary Turnover. International Journal of Manpower, 22, 600-624.https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000006233
- Quinn, J., Burkhauser, R., & Myers, D. (1990). Passing the torch: The influence of economic incentives on work and retirement. Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
- Robbins, S. (1993). Organizational behavior. Prentice hall, Englewood cliffs judge.
- Rosso, B. D., Dekas, K. H., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2010). On the meaning of work: A theoretical integration and review. Research in organizational behavior, 30, 91-127.
- Rosso, B. D., Dekas, K. H., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2010). On the meaning of work: A theoretical integration and review. Research in Organizational Behavior, 30, 91-127.
- Rothbard, N. P., & Wilk, S. L. (2011). Waking up on the right or wrong side of the bed: Start-of-work-day mood, work events, employee affect, and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 54(5), 959–980. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.0056
- Ruhm, C. (1990). Bridge jobs and partial retirement. Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 8(4): 482-501. Seashore, S. E., & Taber, T. D., (1975). Job Satisfaction Indicators and their Correlates. American Behavioral Scientists, 18, 347.
- Seibert, S. E., J. M. Crant, & M. L. Kraimer. (1999). Proactive personality and career success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(3), 416-427.
- Shockley, K. M., Ureksoy, H., Rodopman, O. B., Poteat, L., F., & Dullaghan, T. R. (2015). Development of a new scale to measure subjective career success: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(1), 128-153.
- Shorbaji, R. Messarra, D. L. & Karkoulian, D.S. (2011). Core-self-evaluation: Predictor of employee engagement. The Business Review, 17(1).
- Showry, M., & Sayulu, K. (2017). The impact of core self-evaluation on attrition in IT Industry. IUP Journal of Soft Skills, 11(4), 7-22.
- Shultz, K. S., & Wang, M. (2011). Psychological perspectives on the changing nature of retirement. American Psychology, 66, 170–179.
- Sinem, K., Semra, K. (2020). The determinants of subjective career success among managers: a moderating effect of the lifestyle anchor. In RIMHE: Interdisciplinary Review Management, Man & Business 2020/2 (n° 39, vol. 9), pages 51 to 78
- Steger, M. F., B. J. Dik, & R. D. Duffy.(2012). Measuring meaningful work: The work and meaning inventory (WAMI), Journal of Career Assessment, 20,322-37.
- Tunga Kantarcı & Arthur van Soest (2008). Gradual Retirement: Preferences and Limitations. De Economist, 2008, vol. 156, issue 2, 113-144.
- Wang, M., & Shultz, K. S. (2010). Employee retirement: A review and recommendations for future investigation. Journal of Management, 36, 172–206.
- Wu, Chung-Yu, and Lin, Ka-Huei (2021). Impacts and Challenges of the Labor Market in an Ultra-Ageing Society, Semi-annual Journal of Employment Security, June Issue, Jun, 2021.
- Yeung Karen (2022). Low Self-Efficacy? You need to know the four keys of “self-efficacy” | Behaviorism 5-4 | [Mindfulness Psychology Classroom #30], Enlightenment Culture, September 2, 2022.
- Zhan Huosheng, Xin Binglong, Huang Lixuan, & Huang Minjuan (2015). Study on the Feasibility Scenario of Delayed Retirement, Ministry of Labor Commissioned Research Project PG10409-0042. Taipei: Ministry of Labor.
- Zhang, C. Y., & Zhang, M. H.. (2019). Analysis of the impact of delayed retirement policy on employment rate. East China Economic Management, 33(9), 8.
Language: English
Page range: 91 - 114
Published on: Jun 6, 2026
Published by: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics & Business
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Related subjects:
© 2026 Shih-Nien Lee, Ton-Chu Chang, Shu-Huei Lin, published by University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics & Business
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.