Abstract
Industrial transformation in Germany is caught between the conflicting priorities of climate neutrality and geopolitical security. New industrial policy strategies must strengthen both competitiveness and resilience. This article examines the interactions between the defence industry, green industrial policy and raw material dependencies, focusing on the compatibility of national industrial policy with European climate and security goals. It is clear that technological innovation alone is not enough. Successful transformation requires stable political conditions, resilient supply chains and targeted investment incentives. Above all, the shortage of critical raw materials and cost pressures, for example in green steel and batteries, call for a rethink. Industrial, energy and security policies must be consistently considered together in order to ensure long-term competitiveness.