Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Nonstandard Were and the Nonstandard forms of the Preterite Negative of to be in Nineteenth Century New England Civil War Letters and Literary Dialect Portrayals Cover

Nonstandard Were and the Nonstandard forms of the Preterite Negative of to be in Nineteenth Century New England Civil War Letters and Literary Dialect Portrayals

Open Access
|Jan 2010

References

  1. Dodge, Marshall - Robert Bryan 1981 Bert & I and other stories from Down East. Camden: Down East Books.
  2. Humphreys, David 1978 The Yankee in England. (American Culture Series 3: Drama, Literature and Language Collection.) Ann Arbor. [Microfilm, Reel 38/70.]
  3. Kurath, Hans et al. (eds.) 1939-1943 The Linguistic Atlas of New England. 5 vols. Providence: Brown University.
  4. Lowell, James Russell 1969 The Biglow Papers. (1st Series.) New York: Ams Press.
  5. Lowell, James Russell 1973 The Biglow Papers. (2nd Series.) New York: Ams Press.
  6. Marshall, Jeffrey D. (ed.) 1999 A War of the People: Vermont Civil War Letters. Hanover (New Hampshire): University Press of New England.
  7. McDavid, Raven I. - Raymond K. O'Cain (eds.) 1980 Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States. Chicago: University of Chicago.
  8. Murray, James A. H. 1888 A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  9. Neal, John 1964 Rachel Dyer. Gainesville [Scholars' Facsimiles and Reprints.]
  10. O'Neill, Eugene 1975 "Desire under the Elms", in: Nine Plays by Eugene O'Neill. New York: The Modern Library, 137-210.
  11. O'Neill, Eugene 1988 "Ile", in: Eugene O'Neill: Complete Plays 1913-1920. New York: The Library of America, 489-506.
  12. Orton, Harold et al. (eds.) 1978 The Linguistic Atlas of England. London: Croom Helm.
  13. Silber, Nina - Mary Beth Sievens (eds.) 1996 Yankee correspondence: Civil War letters between New England soldiers and the home front. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
  14. Stowe, Harriet Beecher 1967 Sam Lawson's Oldtown Fireside Stories. Ridgewood: The Gregg Press.
  15. Stowe, Harriet Beecher 1987 Oldtown Folks. New Brunswick - London: Rutgers University Press.
  16. Wentworth, Harold 1944 American dialect dictionary. New York: Thomas Crowell.
  17. Atwood, Bagby E. 1953 A survey of verb forms in the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.10.3998/mpub.9690449
  18. Blair, Walter - Raven I. McDavid (eds.) 1983 The mirth of a nation: America's great dialect writers. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  19. Britain, David 2002 "Diffusion, levelling, simplification and reallocation in past tense be in the English Fens", Journal of Sociolinguistics 6, 1: 16-43.10.1111/1467-9481.00175
  20. Britain, David - Jenny Cheshire (eds.) 2003 Social dialectology. Amsterdam - Philadelphia: Benjamins.10.1075/impact.16
  21. Cassidy, Frederic G. et al. (eds.) 1985-2002 Dictionary of American regional English. 4 vols. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University.
  22. Cheshire, Jenny 1982 Variation in an English dialect: A sociolinguistic study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  23. Cheshire, Jenny - Sue Fox 2008 "Was/were variation: A perspective from London", available at: http://www.sllf.qmul.ac.uk/linguistics/QMOPALs/QMOPAL-11-Cheshire.doc
  24. Dorson, Richard 1940 "The Yankee on the stage - A folk hero of American drama", The New England Quarterly 13: 467-493.10.2307/360194
  25. Edwards, Viv 1993 "The grammar of Southern British English", in: James Milroy - Lesley Milroy (eds.), 214-238.
  26. Gachelin, Jean-Marc 1991 "Transitivity and intransitivity in the dialects of South-west England", in: Peter Trudgill and Jack K. Chambers (eds.), 218-228.10.4324/9781315505459-16
  27. Hodge, Francis 1964 Yankee theatre. The image of America on the stage, 1825-1850. Austin: University of Texas Press.10.7560/734364
  28. Ives, Sumner 1971 "A theory of literary dialect", in: Juanita V. Williamson - Virginia M. Burke (eds.), 145-177.
  29. Kallen, Jeffrey (ed.) 1997 Focus on Ireland. Amsterdam - Philadelphia: Benjamins.10.1075/veaw.g21
  30. Kautzsch, Alexander 2002 The historical evolution of earlier African American English: An empirical comparison of early sources. Berlin - New York: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110907971
  31. Kirkham, Samuel 1834 English grammar in familiar lectures. New York: Robert B. Collins.
  32. Krapp, George P. 1925 The English Language in America. 2 vols. Ungar: New York.
  33. Kytö, Meria 1991 Variation and diachrony with early American English in focus. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
  34. Lewis, Gerald E. 1979 How to talk Yankee. Unity: North Country Press.
  35. Locher, Miriam - Jürg Strässler (eds.) 2008 Standards and norms in the English language. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110206982
  36. Milroy, James - Lesley Milroy (eds.) 1993 Real English. The grammar of English dialects in the British Isles. Harlow: Longman Group.
  37. Montgomery, Michael 1997 "A tale of two Georges: The language of Irish Indian traders in Colonial North America", in: Jeffrey Kallen (ed.), 227-254.10.1075/veaw.g21.15mon
  38. Montgomery, Michael - Margaret Mishoe 1999 "He bes took up with a Yankee Girl and moved up there to New York: The verb bes in the Carolinas and its history", American Speech 74, 3: 240-281.
  39. Pablé, Adrian 2008 "From ‘standard’ to ‘nonstandard’ grammar. New England in the days of Salem Witchcraft and the Civil War", in: Miriam Locher - Jürg Strässler (eds.), 105-126.10.1515/9783110206982.1.105
  40. Pablé, Adrian - Radosław Dylewski 2007 "Invariant be in New England folk speech: Colonial and postcolonial evidence", American Speech 82, 2: 151-184.10.1215/00031283-2007-006
  41. Randolph, Vance 1927a "The Ozark dialect in fiction", American Speech 2, 6: 283-289.10.2307/452775
  42. Randolph, Vance 1927b "The grammar of the Ozark Dialect", American Speech 3, 1: 1-11.10.2307/451386
  43. Schilling-Estes, Natalie 1998 "Investigating self-conscious speech: The performance register in Ocracoke English", Language in Society 27: 53-83.10.1017/S0047404500019722
  44. Schilling-Estes, Natalie 2002 "On the nature of isolated and post-isolated dialects: Innovation, variation and differentiation", Journal of Sociolinguistics 6, 1: 64-85.10.1111/1467-9481.00177
  45. Schilling-Estes, Natalie - Michael Montgomery 2001 "On the trail of early nonstandard grammar: An electronic corpus of Southern U. S. Antebellum overseers' letters", American Speech 76: 388-410.10.1215/00031283-76-4-388
  46. Schilling-Estes, Natalie - Walt Wolfram 1994 "Convergent explanation and alternative regularization patterns: Were/ weren't leveling in a vernacular English variety", Language Variation and Change 6: 273-302.10.1017/S0954394500001691
  47. Schneider, Edgar (ed.) 1996 Focus on the USA. Amsterdam - Philadelphia: Benjamins.
  48. Tagliamonte, Sali 1998 "Was/were variation across the generations: View from the City of York", Language Variation and Change 10: 153-191.10.1017/S0954394500001277
  49. Trudgill, Peter - Jack K. Chambers (eds.) 1991 Dialects of English: Studies in grammatical variation. London - New York: Longman.
  50. Viereck, Wolfgang 1975 Lexikalische und Grammatische Ergebnisse des Lowman-Survey von Mittel- und Südengland. München: Wilhelm Fink.
  51. Williamson, Juanita V. - Virginia M. Burke (eds.) 1971 A various language: Perspectives on American dialects. New York: Holt - Rinehart and Winston.
  52. Wolfram, Walt - Natalie Schilling-Estes 1996 "Dialect change and maintenance in a post-insular island community", in: Edgar Schneider (ed.), 103-148.10.1075/veaw.g16.07wol
  53. Wolfram, Walt - Natalie Schilling-Estes 2003a "Language change in ‘conservative’ dialects: The case of past tense be in southern enclave communities", American Speech 78, 2: 208-227.10.1215/00031283-78-2-208
  54. Wolfram, Walt - Natalie Schilling-Estes 2003b "Parallel development and alternative restructuring: The case of weren't intensification", in: David Britain - Jenny Cheshire (eds.), 133-153.10.1075/impact.16.11wol
  55. Wolfram, Walt - Natalie Schilling-Estes 2006 American English. Malden: Blackwell.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10121-009-0016-3 | Journal eISSN: 2082-5102 | Journal ISSN: 0081-6272
Language: English
Page range: 59 - 80
Published on: Jan 8, 2010
Published by: Adam Mickiewicz University
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2010 Adrian Pablé, Radosław Dylewski, Agnieszka Urbańska, published by Adam Mickiewicz University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons License.

Volume 45 (2009): Issue 2 (December 2009)