Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Semicarbazone – a versatile therapeutic pharmacophore for fragment based anticonvulsant drug design Cover

Semicarbazone – a versatile therapeutic pharmacophore for fragment based anticonvulsant drug design

Acta Pharmaceutica
Volume 62 (2012): Issue 3 (September 2012)
By: Surendra Nath Pandeya  
Open Access
|Nov 2012

References

  1. 1. M. Meonardi and T. Ustun, The global burden of epilepsy, Epilepsia 43 (2002) 21_25; DOI: 10. 1046/j.1528-1157.43.s.6.11.x.
    Search in Google Scholar
  2. 2. R. Sridharan and B. N. Murthy, Relevance and pattern of epilepsy in India, Epilepsia 40 (1999) 631_636; DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb05566x.
    Search in Google Scholar
  3. 3. G. F. Carl and M. L. Smith, Phenytoin-folate interaction differing effect of the sodium salt and the free acid of phenytoin, Epilepsia 33 (1992) 372_375; DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1992tb02330x.
    Search in Google Scholar
  4. 4. P. Kwan and M. J. Brodie, Phenobarbital for the treatment of epilepsy in the 21st century, a critical review, Epilepsia 45 (2004) 1141_1149; DOI: 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.12704.x.10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.12704.x
    Search in Google Scholar
  5. 5. S. D. Shorvon, Drug treatment of epilepsy in the century of the ILAE: the second 50 years, 1959_2009, Epilepsia 50 (suppl. 3) (2009) 93_130; DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02042.x.10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02042.x
    Search in Google Scholar
  6. 6. A. C. Foster and J. A. Kemp, Glutamate and GABA-based CNS therapeutics, Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 6 (2006) 7_17.
    Search in Google Scholar
  7. 7. M. Mazza, G. Della Marcla and M. DiNicola, Oxacarbazepine improves mood in the patients with epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav. 10 (2007) 397_401; DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.01.003.10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.01.003
    Search in Google Scholar
  8. 8. J. M. Rho, S. D. Donevan and M. A. Rogawaski, Barbiturate like action of the propanediol dicarbamate felbamate and meprobamate, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 280 (1997) 1383_1391.
    Search in Google Scholar
  9. 9. C. Salome, E. Salome-Grosjean, J. P. Stables and H. Kohn, Merging the structural motifs of functionalized amino acids and alpha amino amides: compounds with significant anticonvulsant activities, J. Med. Chem. 53 (2010) 3756_3771; DOI: 10.1021/jm 100185c.
    Search in Google Scholar
  10. 10. A. C. Errington, L. Coyne, T. Stohr, N. Selve and G. Lees, Seeking a mechanism of action for the novel anticonvulsant lacosamide, Neuropharmacology 50 (2006) 1016_1024; DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm. 2006.02002.
    Search in Google Scholar
  11. 11. R. G. Fariello, Safinamide, Neurotherapeutics 4 (2007) 110_116; DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2006.11.011.10.1016/j.nurt.2006.11.011
    Search in Google Scholar
  12. 12. N. D. Eddington, D. S. Cox, R. R. Roberts, J. P. Stables, C. B. Powells and K. R. Scott, Enaminonesversatile therapeutic pharmacophores, Further advances, Curr. Med. Chem. 4 (2000) 417_436.
    Search in Google Scholar
  13. 13. S. N. Pandeya and J. R. Dimmock, Recent evaluation of thiosemicarbazones and semicarbazones and related compounds for antineoplastic and anticonvulsant activities, Pharmazie 48 (1993) 659_666.
    Search in Google Scholar
  14. 14. H. Beraldo and D. Gambino, The wide pharmacological versatility of semicarbazones, thiosemicarbazones and their metal complexes, Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 4 (2004) 31_39.
    Search in Google Scholar
  15. 15. L. Liu, T. Zeng, M. J. Morris, C. Wallengren, A. L. Clarke, C. A. Reid, S. Petrou and T. J. O’Brien, The mechanism of carbamazepine aggravated of absence seizures, J. Pharmacol. Expt. Ther. 319 (2006) 790_798; DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.10496.
    Search in Google Scholar
  16. 16. S. N. Ghalmi, D. A. Berv, J. Klugman, K. J. Rosenquist and D. J. Hsu, Oxacarbazepine. Treatment of bipolar disorder, J. Clin. Psychiatry 64 (2003) 943_945; DOI: 10.4088/JCP.v64n0813.10.4088/JCP.v64n0813
    Search in Google Scholar
  17. 17. C. Dulsat, N. Mealy, R. Castaner and J. Bolos, Eslicarbazepine acetate. Drugs Fut. 34 (2009) 189_199; DOI: 10.1358/dof.2009.034.03.1352675.10.1358/dof.2009.034.03.1352675
    Search in Google Scholar
  18. 18. D. Schmidt and K. Utech, Progabide for refractory partial epilepsy: A controlled add-on trial, Neurology 36 (1986) 217_221.
    Search in Google Scholar
  19. 19. S. C. Vashishtha, G. A. Zello, K. H. Nienaber, J. Balzarini, E. D. Clercq, J. P. Stables and J. R. Dimmock, Cytotoxic and anticonvulsant aryloxyaryl Mannich bases and related compounds, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 39 (2004) 27_35.
    Search in Google Scholar
  20. 20. S. K. Sridhar, S. N. Pandeya, J. P. Stables and A. Ramesh, Anticonvulsant activity of hydrazones, Schiff and Mannich bases of isatin derivatives, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 16 (2002) 129_132.
    Search in Google Scholar
  21. 21. F. D. Popp, Potential anticonvulsants, VII Some hydrazones of indole-3-carboxaldehyde, J. Het. Chem. 21 (1984) 617_619.
    Search in Google Scholar
  22. 22. J. Jain, Y. Kumar, R. Sinha, R. Kumar and J. Stables, Menthone aryl acid hydrazones: A new class of anticonvulsants, Med. Chem. 7 (2011) 56_61.
    Search in Google Scholar
  23. 23. J. O. McNamara, Drugs Effective in the Therapy of Epilepsy, in Goodman and Gilman’s Pharmaceutical Basis of Therapeutics (Ed. J. G. Hardman, L. E. Limbird, P. B. Molinoaff and R. W. Ruddon), 9th ed., McGraw Hill, New York 2001, pp. 461_486.
    Search in Google Scholar
  24. 24. S. Coker, The use of phenacemide for intractable partial complex epilepsy in children, Pediatr. Neurol. 2 (1986) 230_232; DOI: 10.1016/0887-8994(86)90053-6.10.1016/0887-8994(86)90053-6
    Search in Google Scholar
  25. 25. T. R. Browne, „Fosphenytoin (cerebyx), Clin. Neuropharm. 20 (1997) 1_12; DOI: 10.1097/00002826-199702000-00001.10.1097/00002826-199702000-000019037568
    Search in Google Scholar
  26. 26. P. N. Patsalos, Properties of antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsies, Epilepsia 46 (S9) (2005) 140_144; DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00326.x.10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00326.x16302888
    Search in Google Scholar
  27. 27. R. Kaliviainen, K. Eriksson and I. Parviainan, Refractory generalized convulsive status epileptics: a guide to treatment, CNS Drugs 19 (2005) 759_768; DOI: 10.2165/00023210-200519090-00003.10.2165/00023210-200519090-0000316142991
    Search in Google Scholar
  28. 28. J. R. Dimmock, R. N. Pathucode, J. Tuchck and G. B. Baker, Anticonvulsant activities of 4(4’-fluorophenyl) benzaldehyde semicarbazones, Drug Dev. Res. 46 (1999) 112_125.
    Search in Google Scholar
  29. 29. Y. Wang, S. X. Cai and J. F. W. Keanaan, Carbocyclic and heterocyclic substituted semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones and the use thereof, U.S. Pat. 6, 638, 947, 28 Oct 2003.
    Search in Google Scholar
  30. 30. J. R. Dimmock, Semicarbazones having CNS activity and pharmaceutical preparations containing same, U.S. Pat. 5, 741, 818, 21 Apr. 1998.
    Search in Google Scholar
  31. 31. Y. Wang, S. X. Cai, N. C. Lam, J. F. W. Keanan, VI Ilynin and E Weber, Carbocyclic and heterocyclic substituted semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones and the use thereof, U.S. Pat. 6, 613, 803, 2 Sept 2003.
    Search in Google Scholar
  32. 32. S. X. Cai, N. C. Lam and S. Hongbal, Substituted semicarbazides and the use thereof, U. S. Pat. 6, 281, 211, 28 Aug 2001.
    Search in Google Scholar
  33. 33. S. N. Pandeya, V. Mishra, P. N. Singh and D. C. Rupainwar, Anticonvulsant activity of thiouriedo derivatives of acetophenone semicarbazone, Pharmacol. Res. 37 (1998) 17_22.
    Search in Google Scholar
  34. 34. V. I. Ilynin, J. D. Ponionis, G. T. Whiteside, J. E. Harrison, M. S. Meason, L. Mork, P. E. Turdin, S. Cooh, R. B. Caster, P. Nguyen, D. S. Hogencamp, S. Olanreqwajn, E. Benzamin and R. N. Woodward, Pharmacology of 2-[4-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenoxy) phenyl]-pyrimidine-4-carboxamide (PPPA): A Potent, broad spectrum state dependent sodium channel blocker for treating painstates, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 318 (2006) 1086_1093.
    Search in Google Scholar
  35. 35. J. R. Dimmock, R. N. Puthucode, M. S. Lo, J. W. Quail, J. Yang and J. P. Stables, Structural modification of the primary amino group of anticonvulsant aryl semicarbazones, Pharmazie 51 (1996) 83_88.
    Search in Google Scholar
  36. 36. S. N. Pandeya, N. Aggarwal and J. S. Jain, Evaluation of semicarbazones for anticonvulsant and sedative hypnotic properties, Pharmazie 54 (1999) 300_312.
    Search in Google Scholar
  37. 37. S. N. Pandeya, V. Mishra, I. Ponnilavarsan and J. P. Stables, Anticonvulsant activity of p-chlorophenyl substituted arylsemicarbazones - the role of primary terminal amino group, Pol. J. Pharmacol. 52 (2000) 283_290.
    Search in Google Scholar
  38. 38. S. N. Pandeya, P. Yogeeswari and J. P. Stables, Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of 4-bromophenyl substituted arylsemicarbazones, Eur. J. Med Chem. 35 (2000) 879_886.
    Search in Google Scholar
  39. 39. P. Yogeeswari, J. V. Raghvendran, R. Thirumurugan, S. Induja, D. Sriram and J. P. Stables, Synthesis and structure activity relationship on anticonvulsant arylsemicarbazones, Med. Chem. 2 (2006) 55_62.
    Search in Google Scholar
  40. 40. J. Jain, Y. Kumar, J. P. Stables and R. Sinha, Menthone semicarbazides and thiosemicarbazides as anticonvulsant agents, Med. Chem. 6 (2010) 44_50.
    Search in Google Scholar
  41. 41. K. Verma, S. N. Pandeya, V. K. Singh, S. Gupta, P. Prashant, Anurag and G. Bhardwaj, Synthesis and pharmacolgical activity of some substituted menthone semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazone derivatives, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Nanotech. 1 (2009) 357_362.
    Search in Google Scholar
  42. 42. H. P. Singh, C. S. Chauhan, S. N. Pandeya and C. S. Sharma, Chalcone semicarbazone: a new scaffold for antiepileptic drug discovery, J. Chil. Chem. Soc. 55 (2010) 103_106; DOI: 10.4067/50717-970720 10000 100024.
    Search in Google Scholar
  43. 43. H. P. Singh, S. N. Pandeya, C. S. Chauhan and C. S. Sharma, Synthesis and pharmacological screening of some novel chalconyl derivatives of substituted phenylsemicarbazide, Med. Chem. Res.; DOI: 1007/S00044-000-9277-6.
    Search in Google Scholar
  44. 44. H. P. Singh, C. S. Chauhan, S. N. Pandeya, C. S. Sharma, B. Srivastava and M. Singhal, Synthesis and pharmacological screening of some novel chloro chalcone semicarbazone derivatives, Pharm. Chem. 2 (2010) 343_357.
    Search in Google Scholar
  45. 45. S. N. Pandeya, A. K. Agrawal, A. Singh and J. P. Stables, Design and synthesis of semicarbazones and their sioisosteric analogues as potent anticonvulsant: The role of hydrogen bonding, Acta Pharm. 53 (2003) 15_24.
    Search in Google Scholar
  46. 46. P. Yogeeswari, D. Sriram, S. N. Pandeya and J. P. Stables, 4-Sulphamoyl semicarbazones with anticonvulsant activity, Farmaco 59 (2004) 609_613; DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.01.009.10.1016/j.farmac.2004.01.00915262530
    Search in Google Scholar
  47. 47. R. Thirumurugan, D. Sriram, A. Saxena, J. P. Stables and P. Yogeeswari, 2,4-Dimethoxy phenylsemicarbazones with anticonvulsant activity against three animal models of seizures. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 9 (2006) 3106_3112.
    Search in Google Scholar
  48. 48. P. Yogeeswari, R. Thirumurugan, R. Kavya, J. S. Samuel and J. P. Stables, 3-Chloro-2-methyl phenyl substituted semicarbazones: Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 39 (2004) 729_734.
    Search in Google Scholar
  49. 49. P. Yogeeswari, D. Sriram, V. Veena, R. Kavya, R. Rakhra, J. V. Raghvendran, S. Mehta, R. Thirumurugan and J. P. Stables, Synthesis of arylsemicarbazones as potential anticonvulsants agents, Biomed. Pharmacother. 59 (2005) 57_55; DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha 2004.04.013.
    Search in Google Scholar
  50. 50. S. N. Pandeya, I. Ponnilavarasan, A. Pandey, R. Lakhan and J. P. Stables, Evaluation of p-nitrophenyl substituted semicarbazones for anticonvulsant properties, Pharmazie 54 (1999) 923_925.
    Search in Google Scholar
  51. 51. N. Aggarwal, P. Mishra, B. P. Nagori, R. Aggrawal and J. Jain, Anticonvulsant and neurotoxicity evaluation of some N(4)-phenylsubstituted pyridyl semicarbazones, CNS Agents Med. Chem. 9 (2009) 245_249; DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps 2003.08.002.
    Search in Google Scholar
  52. 52. A. S. Raja, S. N. Pandeya, S. S. Panda and J. P. Stables, Synthesis and anticonvulsant evaluation of semicarbazones of acetophenone Mannich bases, Pharm. Chem. J. 41 (2007) 302_307.
    Search in Google Scholar
  53. 53. S. Mehta, P. Yogeeswari, D. Sriram and S. Induja, Microwave-assisted synthesis, anticonvulsant activity and quantum mechanical modeling of N-(4-bromo-3-methyl phenyl) semicarbazones, J. Zhegiang. Univ. Sec. B, 8 (2007) 45_55; DOI: 10.1631/ZUS 2007.B0045.
    Search in Google Scholar
  54. 54. S. Mehta, P. Yogeeswari, D. Sriram, P. Kendyer, P. R. Kumar, S. Induja and J. P. Stables, Quantum mechanical modelling of N4-(2,5-disubstituted phenyl) semicarbazones: Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of N4-(2,5-dimethyl phyenyl/2-fluoro-5-methyl phenyl) semicarbazones, Med. Chem. 2 (2006) 617_625.
    Search in Google Scholar
  55. 55. P. Yogeeswari, D. Sriram, R. Thirumurugan, J. V. Ragvendran, K. Sudhansu and J. P. Stables, Discovery of N-[2,6-dimethylphenyl) substituted semicarbazones as anticonvulsant effective against various animal model of seizures with GABA-T-inhibitory activity, J. Med. Chem. 48 (2005) 6202_6211; DOI: 10.1021/jm050283b.10.1021/jm050283b16190747
    Search in Google Scholar
  56. 56. F. Azam, T. A. Alkaskas, S. L. Khokra and O. Prakash, Synthesis of novel N1-(naphtha[1,2-d] thiazol-2-yl) semicarbazides as potential anticonvulsant, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 44 (2009) 203_211.
    Search in Google Scholar
  57. 57. N. Siddiqui, A. Rana, S. A. Khan, M. A. Bhat and S. E. Haque, Synthesis of benzthiazole semicarbazones as novel anticonvulsant. The role of hydrophobic domain, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 17 (2007) 4178_4182; DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200800130.10.1002/ardp.20080013019194967
    Search in Google Scholar
  58. 58. S. Mehta, R. K. Pavana, P. Yogeeswari, D. Sriram, J. P. Stables, Heteroaryl-substituted semicarbazones. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of N-(3-methyl pyridine-2-yl)-substituted semicarbazones, J. Heter. Chem. 43 (2009) 1287_1293; DOI: 10.1002/jRet 5570430522.
    Search in Google Scholar
  59. 59. N. Aggarwal and P. Mishra, Synthesis and evaluation of 4-substituted Semicarbazones of levulinic acid for anticonvulsant activity, J Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B. 6 (2005) 617_621; DOI: 10.1631/jZUS.2005.B0617.10.1631/jzus.2005.B0617138979315973761
    Search in Google Scholar
  60. 60. M. Taroua, C. Ribuot, M. H. Pera, G. Tailandier, M. Fatome, J. D. Laval, P. Demengec and G. Leclerc, New _-, _- and _-semicarbazone and thiosemicarbazone 1,3-dithiolones as radioprotectors anticonvulsant activity, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 31 (1996) 589_595; DOI: 10.1002chin.1996 461 40.
    Search in Google Scholar
  61. 61. H. Rajak, R. Deshmukh, N. Aggarwal, S. Kashaw, M. D. Kharya and P. Mishra, Synthesis of novel 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-thiadiazoles for their potential anticonvulsant activity: Pharmacophoric model studies, Arch. Pharm. Pharm. Med. Chem. (Weinheim) 342 (2009) 453_461.10.1002/ardp.20080021319565600
    Search in Google Scholar
  62. 62. N. Siddiqui, M. F. Arshad and S. A. Khan, Synthesis of some new coumarin incorporated thiazoylsemicarbazones as anticonvulsants, Acta Pol. Pharm. 66 (2009) 161_167.
    Search in Google Scholar
  63. 63. I. Ponnilavarasan, S. Ganguly and V. Pandit, Design and synthesis of novel quinazolinone derivatives as broad spectrum anticonvulsants and antimicrobial agents, J. Pharm. Res. 3 (2010) 703_706.
    Search in Google Scholar
  64. 64. J. R. Dimmock and G. B. Baker, Anticonvulsant activities of 4-bromobenzaldehyde semicarbazones, Epilepsia 35 (1994) 648_655; DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02486x.
    Search in Google Scholar
  65. 65. S. N. Pandeya, H. Manjula and J. P. Stables, Design of semicarbazones and their bio-isosteric analogues as potential anticonvulsants, Pharmazie 56 (2001) 121_124.
    Search in Google Scholar
  66. 66. S. N. Pandeya, B. N. Singh and J. Mishra, Synthesis and biological activity of substituted arylsemicarbazones, Acta Sci. Ind. XXXIIIC (2007) 85_92.
    Search in Google Scholar
  67. 67. S. N. Pandeya, S. Smitha and J. P. Stables, Anticonvulsant and sedative-hypnotic activities of N-substituted isatin semicarbazones, Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim) Pharm. Med. Chem. 4 (2002) 129_134; DOI: 10.1002/1521-4184(200204).
    Search in Google Scholar
  68. 68. S. N. Pandeya, S. Kohli, N. Siddiqui and J. P. Stables, Synthesis and anticonvulsant activities of 4-N-substituted arylsemicarbazones, Pol. J. Pharmacol. 55 (2003) 565_571.
    Search in Google Scholar
  69. 69. S. N. Pandeya, A. S. Raja and J. P. Stables, Synthesis of isatin semicarbazones as novel anticonvulsant role of hydrogen bonding, J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 5 (2002) 266_271.
    Search in Google Scholar
  70. 70. A. Singh, C. Pande, P. Gahtori, S. N. Pandeya and J. P. Stables, Design and synthesis of some novel 4(4-substituted aryl) semicarbazones as anticonvulsant agents, Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 72 (2010) 363_367; DOI: 10.4103 10250-474x70485.
    Search in Google Scholar
  71. 71. N. Aggarwal and P. Mishra, Synthesis of 4-arylsubstituted semicarbazones of some terpenes as novel anticonvulsants, J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 7 (2004) 260_264.
    Search in Google Scholar
  72. 72. N. Aggrawal, R. Aggarwal, P. Mishra, J. S. Jain, S. K. Bansal and K. K. Jha, Design and evaluation of semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones as novel anticonvulsants, CNS Agents Med. Chem. 8 (2008) 26_28.
    Search in Google Scholar
  73. 73. J. R. Dimmock, K. K. Sidhu, R. S. Thayer, P. Mack, M. J. Duffy, R. S. Reid, J. W. Quail, U. Pugazhenthi, A. Ong, J. A. Bikker and D. F. Weaver, Anticonvulsant activities of some arylsemicarbazones, displaying potent oral activity in the maximal electroshock screen in rats acconpanied by high protective indices, J. Med. Chem. 36 (1993) 2243_2265; DOI: 10.1021/jm000689001.
    Search in Google Scholar
  74. 74. J. R. Dimmock, K. K. Sidhu, S. D. Thumber, S. D. Basram, M. Chen, J. W. Quail, J. Yang, I. Rozas and D. F. Weaver, Some arylsemicarbazones possessing anticonvulsant activity, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 30 (1995) 287_301.
    Search in Google Scholar
  75. 75. J. R. Dimmock, R. N. Puthucode, J. M. Smith, M. Hetherington, J. W. Quail, U. Pugazhenthi, R. Lecher and J. P. Stables, (Aryloxy) aryl semicarbazones and related compounds: A novel class of anticonvulsant agents possessing high activity in the maximal electroshock screen, J. Med. Chem. 39 (1996) 3984_3997; DOI: 10.1021/jm9603025.10.1021/jm96030258831764
    Search in Google Scholar
  76. 76. R. N. Puthucode, U. Pugazenthi, J. W. Quail, J. P. Stables and J. R. Dimmock, Anticonvulsant activity of various aryl, arylidene and aryloxyaryl semicarbazones, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 33 (1998) 595_607.
    Search in Google Scholar
  77. 77. J. R. Dimmock, H. A. Semple, S. John, M. A. Beazely and G. D. Abrams, Isolation and identification of the major urinary metabolite of 4-(4-fluorophenoxy)benzaldehyde semicarbazones after oral dosing to rats, Pharmazie 54 (1999) 260_262.
    Search in Google Scholar
  78. 78. K. Ramu, G. N. Lam and H. Huges, In vivo metabolism and mass balance of 4[4-fluorophenylbenzaldehyde semicarbazone (CO102862) in rats, Drug Metab. Dispos. 28 (2000) 1153_1161.
    Search in Google Scholar
  79. 79. K. Ramu, G. N. Lam and B. Chin, Development of a high-performance liquid chromatorgraphy tandem mass spectrum of the method for the determination of pharmacokinetic of C0102802 in mouse, rat, monkey and dogs plasma, J. Chromatogr. 741 (2000) 1_15.
    Search in Google Scholar
  80. 80. N. C. Lam, Sodium channel blocker compositions and the use thereof, Pat. W0 00/6 11 88, 19 Oct. 2000.
    Search in Google Scholar
  81. 81. N. Micale, M. Zappala, S. Grazzo, G. Puja, G. Desarro, G. Ferreri, A. Desarro, L. Toma and C. Di Michali, Novel potent AMP/Kainate receptor antagonists : Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of series of 2[(4-alkyl semicarbazono)-(4-aminophenyl) methyl)-4,5-methylene dioxy phenylacetic acid alkyl esters, J. Med. Chem. 45 (2002) 4433_4442.
    Search in Google Scholar
  82. 82. N. Siddiqui, M. S. Alam and W. Ahsan, Synthesis, Anticonvulsant and toxicity evaluation of 2(1H-indol-3yl)acetyl-N-substituted phenyl) hydrazine carbothioamides and their related heterocyclic derivatives, Acta Pharm. 58 (2008) 445_459; DOI: 10.2478/v1007-008-0025-0.5.
    Search in Google Scholar
  83. 83. S. Mehta, P. Yogeeswari, D. Sriram and J. P. Stables, Cyclization of the semicarbzone template of arylsemicarbazones: Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of 4,5-(diphenyl)-2H-1,2,4-triazole-3-(4H)-one, Biomed. Pharmacother. 63 (2009) 187_193; DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.04.002.10.1016/j.biopha.2006.04.00219422088
    Search in Google Scholar
  84. 84. P. Czapinski, B. Blaszezyk and S. J. Czuczwar, Mechanism of action of antiepileptic drugs, Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 5 (2005) 3_14.10.2174/156802605338696215638774
    Search in Google Scholar
  85. 85. V. I. Ilyin, D. D. Hodges, E. R. Whitmore, R. B. Carter, S. X. Cai and R. M. Woodward, V102862 (CO102862): A potent, broad-spectrum state-dependent blocker of mammalian voltage-gated sodium channels, Br. J. Pharmacol. 144 (2005) 801_812; DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706058.10.1038/sj.bjp.0706058157606115778702
    Search in Google Scholar
  86. 86. P. Yogeeswari, D. Sriram, A. Brahmanandan, I. Sridharan, R. Thirumurugan and J. P. Stables, Synthesis of novel arylsemicarbazones as anticonvulsants with GABA-mediated mechanism, Med. Chem. Res. 12 (2003) 57_68.
    Search in Google Scholar
  87. 87. W. E. Stone and M. J. Javid, Quantititative evaluation of the action of anticonvulsants against different chemical convulsants, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 240 (1979) 66_78.
    Search in Google Scholar
  88. 88. W. E. Stone and M. J. Javid, Anticonvulsant and convulsive effects of lidocaine: Comparison with those of phenytoin, and implication for mechanism of action concepts, Neurol. Res. 10 (1988) 161_168.
    Search in Google Scholar
  89. 89. R. L. McDonald and K. M. Kelly, Antiepileptic drug mechanism of action, Epilepsia 36 (Suppl. 2S) (1995) 2_12.10.1111/j.1528-1157.1995.tb05996.x8784210
    Search in Google Scholar
  90. 90. P. Yogeeswari, J. V. Ragavendran, D. Sriram, V. Nageswari, R. Kavya, N. Srivastsan, K. Vanitha and J. P. Stables, Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach, J. Med. Chem. 50 (2007) 2459_2467; DOI: 10.1021/jm061431g.10.1021/jm061431g17451232
    Search in Google Scholar
  91. 91. B. Malawaska and A. Scatturin, Application of pharmacophore models for the design and synthesis of new anticonvulsant drugs, Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 3 (2003) 341_348.
    Search in Google Scholar
  92. 92. J. Riss, J. Cloyd, J. Gates and S. Collins, Benzodiazepines in epilepsy pharmacology and pharmacokinetics, Acta Neurol. Scand. 118 (2008) 64_86; DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x.10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x18384456
    Search in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10007-012-0030-1 | Journal eISSN: 1846-9558 | Journal ISSN: 1330-0075
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 263 - 286
Published on: Nov 6, 2012
Published by: Croatian Pharmaceutical Society
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
semicarbazone,
anticonvulsant,
Na+ channel blocker
Related subjects:
Pharmacy,
Pharmacy, other

© 2012 Surendra Nath Pandeya, published by Croatian Pharmaceutical Society
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons License.

Volume 62 (2012): Issue 3 (September 2012)Next article