Engineering intelligent systems on the knowledge formalization continuum

Baumeister, Joachim; Reutelshoefer, Jochen; Puppe, Frank

doi:10.2478/v10006-011-0002-5

Abstract

In spite of their industrial success, the development of intelligent systems is still a complex and risky task. When building intelligent systems, we see that domain knowledge is often present at different levels of formalization—ranging from text documents to explicit rules. In this paper, we describe the knowledge formalization continuum as a metaphor to help domain specialists during the knowledge acquisition phase. To make use of the knowledge formalization continuum, the agile use of knowledge representations within a knowledge engineering project is proposed, as well as transitions between the different representations, when required. We show that a semantic wiki is a flexible tool for engineering knowledge on the knowledge formalization continuum. Case studies are taken from one industrial and one academic project, and they illustrate the applicability and benefits of semantic wikis in combination with the knowledge formalization continuum.

References

Antoniou, G. and van Harmelen, F. (2003). Web ontology language: OWL, in S. Staab and R. Studer (Eds.), Handbook on Ontologies in Information Systems, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Search in Google Scholar
Baumeister, J. and Freiberg, M. (2010). Knowledge visualization for evaluation tasks, Knowledge and Information Systems, (in press).10.1007/s10115-010-0350-8
Search in Google Scholar
Baumeister, J., Reutelshoefer, J. and Puppe, F. (2007). Markups for knowledge wikis, SAAKM'07: Proceedings of the Semantic Authoring, Annotation and Knowledge Markup Workshop, Whistler, Canada, pp. 7-14.
Search in Google Scholar
Baumeister, J., Reutelshoefer, J. and Puppe, F. (2010). KnowWE: A semantic wiki for knowledge engineering, Applied Intelligence, DOI: 10.1007/s10489-010-0224-5.10.1007/s10489-010-0224-5
Search in Google Scholar
Baumeister, J., Seipel, D. and Puppe, F. (2004). Refactoring methods for knowledge bases, in E. Motta, N. Shadbolt, A. Stutt and N. Gibbins (Eds.), EKAW'04: Engineering Knowledge in the Age of the Semantic Web: 14th International Conference, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 3257, Springer, Berlin, pp. 157-171.10.1007/978-3-540-30202-5_11
Search in Google Scholar
Baumeister, J., Betz, C. and Wolber, M. (2008). The knowledge modeling environment d3web. KnowME http://d3web.sourceforge.net
Search in Google Scholar
Buffa, M., Gandon, F., Ereteo, G., Sander, P. and Faron, C. (2008). SweetWiki: A semantic wiki, Web Semantics 8(1): 84-97.10.1016/j.websem.2007.11.003
Search in Google Scholar
Buitelaar, P., Cimiano, P. and Magnini, B. (2005). Ontology Learning from Text: Methods, Evaluation and Applications, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, Vol. 123, IOS Press, Amsterdam.
Search in Google Scholar
Card, S. (2003). Information visualization, in J. A. Jacko and A. Sears (Eds.), The Human-Computer Interaction Handbook, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 544-582.
Search in Google Scholar
Dale, R., Moisl, H. and Somers, H. (Eds.) (2000). A Handbook of Natural Language Processing: Techniques and Applications for the Processing of Language as Text, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, NY.10.1201/9780824746346
Search in Google Scholar
Feldman, R. and Sanger, J. (2006). The Text Mining Handbook: Advanced Approaches in Analyzing Unstructured Data, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.10.1017/CBO9780511546914
Search in Google Scholar
Fuchs, N. E., Kaljurand, K. and Kuhn, T. (2008). Attempto Controlled English for knowledge representation, in C. Baroglio, P. A. Bonatti, J. Małuszyński, M. Marchiori, A. Polleres and S. Schaffert (Eds.), Reasoning Web, Fourth International Summer School 2008, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 5224, Springer, Berlin, pp. 104-124.10.1007/978-3-540-85658-0_3
Search in Google Scholar
Geroimenko, V. and Chen, C. (Eds.) (2006). Visualizing the Semantic Web, 2nd Edn., Springer, Berlin.
Search in Google Scholar
Ghidini, C., Kump, B., Lindstaedt, S. N., Mahbub, N., Pammer, V., Rospocher, M. and Serafini, L. (2009). MoKi: The enterprise modelling wiki, in L. Aroyo, P. Traverso, F. Ciravegna, P. Cimiano, T. Heath, E. Hyvnen, R. Mizoguchi, E. Oren, M. Sabou and E. Paslaru Bontas Simperl (Eds.), ESWC'09: The Semantic Web: Research and Applications, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 5554, Springer, Berlin, pp. 831-835.10.1007/978-3-642-02121-3_65
Search in Google Scholar
Gil, Y. and Tallis, M. (1997). A script-based approach to modifying knowledge bases, AAAI/IAAI'97: Proceedings of the 14th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence and the 9th Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference, Menlo Park, CA, USA, pp. 377-383.
Search in Google Scholar
Gruber, T. (2008). Collective knowledge systems: Where the Social Web meets the Semantic Web, Web Semantics 6(1): 4-13.10.1016/j.websem.2007.11.011
Search in Google Scholar
Krötzsch, M., Vrandecić, D. and Völkel, M. (2006). Semantic MediaWiki, in I. Cruz, D. Allemang, L. Aroyo, S. Decker, P. Mika, C. Preist, D. Schwabe and M. Uschold (Eds.), ISWC'06: Proceedings of the 5th International Semantic Web Conference, Lecture Notes in Artifical Intelligence, Vol. 4273, Springer, Berlin, pp. 935-942.10.1007/11926078_68
Search in Google Scholar
Lidwell, W., Holden, K. and Butler, J. (2003). Universal Principles of Design, Rockport Publishers, Minnespolis, MN.
Search in Google Scholar
McGuinness, D. L. (2003). Ontologies come of age, in D. Fensel, J. A. Hendler, H. Lieberman and W. Wahlster (Eds.), Spinning the Semantic Web, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 171-194.
Search in Google Scholar
Millard, D. E., Gibbins, N. M., Michaelides, D. T. and Weal, M. J. (2005). Mind the semantic gap, HYPERTEXT '05: Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia, Salzburg, Austria, pp. 54-62.
Search in Google Scholar
Nalepa, G. J. (2009). PlWiki—A generic semantic wiki architecture, in N. T. Nguyen, R. Kowalczyk and S.-M. Chen (Eds.), ICCCI'09: Computational Collective Intelligence. Semantic Web, Social Networks and Multiagent Systems, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 5796, Springer, Berlin, pp. 345-356.10.1007/978-3-642-04441-0_30
Search in Google Scholar
Oxford English Dictionary of Current English (2008). 3rd Edn., Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Search in Google Scholar
Peng, Y. and Reggia, J. A. (1990). Abductive Inference Models for Diagnostic Problem-Solving, Springer, Berlin.10.1007/978-1-4419-8682-5
Search in Google Scholar
Reiter, E. and Dale, R. (2000). Building Natural Language Generation Systems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.10.1017/CBO9780511519857
Search in Google Scholar
Reutelshoefer, J., Baumeister, J. and Puppe, F. (2009). A data structure for the refactoring of multimodal knowledge, KESE'09: 5th Workshop on Knowledge Engineering and Software Engineering, Paderborn, Germany, pp. 33-45.
Search in Google Scholar
Reutelshoefer, J., Lemmerich, F., Baumeister, J., Wintjes, J. and Haas, L. (2010). Taking OWL to Athens—Semantic Web technology takes ancient Greek history to students, in L. Aroyo, G. Antoniou, E. Hyvnen, A. ten Teije, H. Stuckenschmidt, L. Cabral and T. Tudorache (Eds.), ESWC'10: Proceedings of the 7th Extended Semantic Web Conference, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 6088, Springer, pp. 333-347.
Search in Google Scholar
Reutelshoefer, J., Lemmerich, F., Haupt, F. and Baumeister, J. (2009). An extensible semantic wiki architecture, SemWiki'09: 4th Workshop on Semantic Wikis—The Semantic Wiki Web, Hersonissos, Greece, pp. 155-169.
Search in Google Scholar
Roth-Berghofer, T. R. (2004). Explanations and case-based reasoning: Foundational issues, in P. Funk and P. A. Gonzlez-Calero (Eds.), Advances in Case-Based Reasoning, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 3155, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 389-403.10.1007/978-3-540-28631-8_29
Search in Google Scholar
Schaffert, S. (2006). IkeWiki: A semantic wiki for collaborative knowledge management, STICA'06: 1st International Workshop on Semantic Technologies in Collaborative Applications, Manchester, UK.10.1109/WETICE.2006.46
Search in Google Scholar
Schaffert, S., Bry, F., Baumeister, J. and Kiesel, M. (2008). Semantic wikis, IEEE Software 25(4): 8-11.10.1109/MS.2008.95
Search in Google Scholar
Schaffert, S., Gruber, A. and Westenthaler, R. (2006). A semantic wiki for collaborative knowledge formation, Proceedings of the SEMANTICS 2005 Conference, Vienna, Austria.10.1109/WETICE.2006.46
Search in Google Scholar
Schreiber, G., Akkermans, H., Anjewierden, A., de Hoog, R., Shadbolt, N., de Velde, W. V. and Wielinga, B. (2001). Knowledge Engineering and Management—The CommonKADS Methodology, 2nd Edn., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Search in Google Scholar
Uschold, M. and Gruninger, M. (2004). Ontologies and semantics for seamless connectivity, SIGMOD Record 33(4): 58-64.10.1145/1041410.1041420
Search in Google Scholar
Zacharias, V. (2007). Visualization of rule bases—The overall structure, I-KNOW '07: Proceedings of the International Conference on Knowledge Management, Graz, Austria.
Search in Google Scholar

Engineering intelligent systems on the knowledge formalization continuum

Abstract

Paradigm

My account