Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Integrating Small and Medium-Sized Ports Into Green Shipping Corridors: A Case Study of Sillamäe-Kotka Ferry Line Cover

Integrating Small and Medium-Sized Ports Into Green Shipping Corridors: A Case Study of Sillamäe-Kotka Ferry Line

Open Access
|Nov 2025

References

  1. Ahlberg, A. (2024) Kotka-Sillamäe connection potential. South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences. Regional Council of Kymenlaakso. Available at https://www.xamk.fi/app/uploads/sites/2/2024/08/Kotka-Sillamae-connection-potential-report-020824.pdf (Accessed 1 October 2025).
  2. Akhavan, M. (2025) Decarbonising maritime transport: The role of green shipping corridors in making sustainable port-city ecosystems. Ocean and Society, 2, 9411. DOI:10.17645/oas.9411.
  3. Alamoush, A.S., Ballini, F., and Ölçer, A.I. (2020) Ports’ technical and operational measures to reduce greenhouse gas emission and improve energy efficiency: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 160, 1–21. DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111508.
  4. Ampah, J. D., Yusuf, A. A., Afrane, S., Jin, C., and Liu, H. (2021) Reviewing two decades of cleaner alternative marine fuels: Towards IMO’s decarbonization of the maritime transport sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 320, 128871. DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128871.
  5. Andersen, S. N., Díez Gutiérrez, M., Nilsen, Ø. L., and Tørset, T. (2018) The impact of fixed links on population development, housing and the labour market: The case of Norway. Journal of Transport Geography, 68, 215-223. DOI:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.03.004.
  6. Atari, S., Bakkar, Y., Olaniyi, E. O., and Prause, G. (2019) Real options analysis of abatement investments for sulphur emission control areas compliance. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 6(3), 1062–1086. DOI:10.9770/jesi.2019.6.3.1.
  7. CBA. (2023) Cost-benefit analysis of restoring Sillamäe-Kotka travel traffic. Feasibility and profitability analysis of restoring passenger traffic between Sillamäe and Kotka, and analysis of socioeconomic impacts (Sillamäe-Kotka reisiliikluse taastamise teostatavus- ja tasuvusanalüüs ning sotsiaalmajanduslike mõjude analüüs). Civitta Estonia AS, Cumulus Consulting OÜ, Geomedia OÜ, Taltech.
  8. EC. (2021) Integration of maritime transport in the EU Emissions Trading System. Berlin/Brussels. Available at https://www.transportenvironment.org/uploads/files/2021_07_Integration-of-maritime-transport-in-EU-ETS.pdf (Accessed 1 October 2025).
  9. EC. (2024) European Commission. EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Available at https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/euemissions-trading-system-eu-ets_en (Accessed 1 October 2025).
  10. Efimova, E. G., and Gapochka, A. A. (2020) Seaports as drivers of regional economic development: The case of Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Province. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 8(2), 383–393. DOI:10.1016/j.cstp.2019.10.003.
  11. Finnish Shipowners’ Association. (2025) Key figures of maritime transport in Finland. https://shipowners.fi/en/competitiveness/key-figures-of-maritime-in-finland (Accessed 1 October 2025).
  12. GMF. (2021) The next wave green corridors: A special report for the getting to zero coalition. Global Maritime Forum. Available at https://www.globalmaritimeforum.org/content/2021/11/The-Next-Wave-Green-Corridors.pdf (Accessed 1 October 2025).
  13. Hilmola, O.-P.K. (2014) Growth drivers of Finnish-Estonian general cargo transports. Fennia - International Journal of Geography, 192(2), 100–119. DOI:10.11143/41327.
  14. Hrenov, G. Reinhold, K. Järvis, M., and Prause, G. (2025) Charting a Course for Sustainable Port Operations: Insights on Green Ammonia Production and Bunkering. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference Reliability and Statistics in Transportation and Communication (RelStat-2024), Riga, September 2024. LNNS, 1337, 399–412 Springer, Cham. DOI:10.1007/978-3-031-87532-8_35.
  15. Hrenov, G., Reinhold, K., Järvis, M., Tint, P., and Prause, G. (2023) Managing the hazards of ammonia in seaports as a potential alternative fuel for green shipping. In: Proceedings of the 33rd European Safety and Reliability Conference, Southampton, September 2023. University of Southampton, 1110-1117. DOI:10.3850/978-981-18-8071-1_P399-cd.
  16. Ismail, A. M., Ballini, F., Ölçer, A. I., and Alamoush, A. S. (2024) Integrating ports into green shipping corridors: Drivers, challenges, and pathways to implementation. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 209 (Part B), 117201. DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117201.
  17. Jansen, M., Brandellero, A., and van Houwelingen, R. (2021) Port-city transition: Past and emerging socio-spatial imaginaries and uses in Rotterdam’s Makers District. Urban Planning, 6(3). DOI:10.17645/up.v6i3.4253.
  18. Jesus, B., Ferreira, I. A., Carreira, A., Erikstad, S. O., and Godina, R. (2024) Economic framework for green shipping corridors: Evaluating cost-effective transition from fossil fuels towards hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 83, 1429-1447. DOI:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.08.147.
  19. Jugović, A., Sirotić, M., Jugović, T. P., and Žgaljić, D. (2025) Green shipping corridors: A bibliometric analysis of policy, technology, and stakeholder collaboration. Applied Sciences, 15(6), 3304. DOI:10.3390/app15063304.
  20. Jurković, Ž., and Lovoković, D. (2023) Corridor planning-sustainable planning? Sustainability, 15(21), 15502. DOI:10.3390/su152115502.
  21. Karimah, I.D., and Yudhistira, M.H. (2020) Does small-scale port investment affect local economic activity? Evidence from small-port development in Indonesia. Economics of Transportation, 23, 100180. DOI:10.1016/j.ecotra.2020.100180.
  22. Kitzmann, H., Falko, S., and Prause, G. (2020) Risk assessment of logistics hub development along green transport corridors: The case of Paldiski Port. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference Reliability and Statistics in Transportation and Communication Conference (RelStat-1019), Riga, October 2019. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 341−350. Springer. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-44610-9_34.
  23. Lagdami, K., Dalaklis, D., and Christodoulou, A. (2024) New technologies in small and medium-sized ports: Its impacts on the future of work. Journal of Maritime Research, 21, 150-156. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.25247.33442.
  24. Mańkowska, M., Kotowska, I., and Pluciński, M. (2020) Seaports as nodal points of circular supply chains: Opportunities and challenges for secondary ports. Sustainability, 12(9), 3926. DOI:10.3390/su12093926.
  25. Menke zum Felde, I. (2020) Impact of cruise tourism in Baltic destinations. Schleswig-Holstein Cooperative University of Applied Sciences (DHSH), Lübeck.
  26. Meyer, C., Gerlitz, L., and Prause, G. (2023) Small and medium-sized port greening initiatives as trigger for a servitisation port ecosystem. Environmental and Climate Technologies, 27(1), 476-488. DOI:10.2478/rtuect-2023-0035.
  27. Notteboom, T., Pallis, A., and Rodrigue, J.-P. (2022) Port economics, management and policy (1st ed.). Routledge. DOI:10.4324/9780429318184.
  28. Olaniyi, E. O., Solarte-Vasquez, M. C., and Inkinen, T. (2024) Smart regulations in maritime governance: Efficacy, gaps, and stakeholder perspectives. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 202, 116341. DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116341.
  29. Otsason, R., Laasma, A., Gülmez, Y., Kotta, J., and Tapaninen, U. (2025) Comparative analysis of the alternative energy: Case of reducing GHG emissions of Estonian pilot fleet. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 13(2), 305. DOI:10.3390/jmse13020305.
  30. Prause, G. (2014) Sustainable development of logistics clusters in green transport corridors. Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, 4(1), 59-68. DOI:10.9770/jssi.2014.4.1(5).
  31. Prause, G., Tuisk, T., Olaniyi E.O. (2019) Between sustainability, social cohesion and security. Regional development in North-Eastern Estonia. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 6(3), 1235–1254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2019.6.3(13).
  32. Psaraftis, H. N., and Kontovas, C. A. (2021) Decarbonization of maritime transport: Is there light at the end of the tunnel? Sustainability, 13(1), 237. DOI:10.3390/su13010237.
  33. Purkarthofer, E., Humer, A., and Mattila, H. (2021) Subnational and dynamic conceptualisations of planning culture: The culture of regional planning and regional planning cultures in Finland. Planning Theory & Practice, 22(2), 244–265. DOI:10.1080/14649357.2021.1896772.
  34. Ren-Gas. (2025) Green hydrogen and e-methane plant under development in Mussalo, Kotka. Available at https://ren-gas.com/en/projekti/kotka-2/ (Accessed 1 October 2025).
  35. Robaina, M., and Neves, A. (2021) Complete decomposition analysis of CO₂ emissions intensity in the transport sector in Europe. Research in Transportation Economics, 90, 101074. DOI:10.1016/j.retrec.2021.101074.
  36. Rohe Solutions. (2025) Rohe carries out first ever Bio-LNG bunkering in Hamina in collaboration with E&S Tankers. Press release of 05.04.2025. Available at https://www.rohe.fi/en/news/rohe-carries-out-first-ever-bio-lng-bunkering-in-hamina-in-collaboration-with-es-tankers/ (Accessed 1 October 2025).
  37. Rönty, J., Nokkala, M., and Finnilä, K. (2011) Port ownership and governance models in Finland: Development needs & future challenges (VTT Working Papers 164). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. Available at https://publications.vtt.fi/pdf/workingpapers/2011/W164.pdf (Accessed 1 October 2025).
  38. Rosqvist, T., Nyman, T., Sonninen, S., and Tuominen, R. (2002) The implementation of the VTMIS system for the Gulf of Finland – A FSA study. In: Proceedings of the RINA International Conference on Formal Safety Assessment, 151–164.
  39. Schröder, M., and Prause, G. (2016) Transportation of dangerous goods in green transport corridors: Conclusions from Baltic Sea region. Transport and Telecommunication, 17(4), 322–334. DOI:10.1515/ttj-2016-0029.
  40. Umweltbundesamt. (2023) Comparison of average emissions from individual modes of transport (Vergleich der durchschnittlichen Emissionen einzelner Verkehrsmittel), Tremod 6.61C, German Federal Environmental Authority, Dessau-Roßlau (in German).
  41. Wang, H., and Zhang, P. (2020) Urban green corridors analysis for a rapid urbanization city exemplified in Gaoyou city, Jiangsu. Forests, 11(12), 1374. DOI:10.3390/f11121374.
  42. Wasaline (2025) Our ferry Aurora Botnia. Available at https://www.wasaline.com/en/our-ferry (Accessed 1 October 2025).
  43. Yu, T., Li, H., Zhou, T., Zhao, N., and Yang, Z. (2025) Evaluation and strategy development of port-industry-city integration: A China’s case. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 60, 101375. DOI:10.1016/j.rtbm.2025.101375.
  44. Zeng, H., Abedin, M. Z., Ahmed, A. D., and Huang, Q. (2025) Extreme risk connection among the European tourism, energy and carbon emission markets. Research in International Business and Finance, 74, 102693. DOI:10.1016/j.ribaf.2024.102693.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2025-0029 | Journal eISSN: 1407-6179 | Journal ISSN: 1407-6160
Language: English
Page range: 373 - 385
Published on: Nov 21, 2025
Published by: Transport and Telecommunication Institute
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2025 Georgi Hrenov, Eunice O. Bark, Gunnar Prause, Wolfgang Gerstlberger, published by Transport and Telecommunication Institute
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.