Heymans’ cube model of temperament in the case of basketball coaches

References
- Allen, M. S., & Laborde, S. (2014). The Role of Personality in Sport and Physical Activity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(6), 460-465. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414550705
- Amorose, A. J., & Anderson-Butcher, D. (2007). Autonomy-supportive coaching and self-determined motivation in high school and college athletes: A test of self-determination theory. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(5), 654-670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.11.003
- Braun, C., & Tamminen, K. A. (2019). Coaches’ interpersonal emotion regulation and the coach-athlete relationship. Movement & Sport Sciences – Science & Motricite, 105, 37-51. https://doi.org/10.1051/sm/2019011
- Budnik-Przybylska, D., Huzarska, I., & Karasiewicz, K. (2022). Does Imagery Ability Matter for the Relationship Between Temperament and Self-Confidence in Team and Individual Sport Disciplines? Frontiers in Psychology, 13: 893457. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.893457
- Carron, A. V., Colman, M. M., Wheeler, J., & Stevens, D. (2002). Cohesion and performance in sport: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24(2), 168-188. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.24.2.168
- Castillo, I., Adell, F. L., & A lvarez, O. (2018). Relationships between personal values and leadership behaviors in basketball coaches. Frontiers in Psychology, 9: 1661. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01661
- Chan, J. T. Y., & Mallett, C. J. (2011). The value of emotional intelligence for high performance coaching. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 6(3), 315-328. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.6.3.315
- Cooke, M., Paradis, K. F., Sharp, L. A., Woods, D., & Sarkar, M. (2025). Psychological Safety: A Qualitative Study on Coach and Athlete Perceptions. International Sport Coaching Journal, 12(3), 490-502. https://doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2023-0115
- Côte, J., & Gilbert, W. (2009). An integrative definition of coaching effectiveness and expertise. International Journal of S ports Science & Coaching, 4(3), 307-323. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.4.3.307
- Ding, G., Liu, F., Yang, F., & Qin, K. (2026). Influence of coaching experience on in-game adaptability and decision-making among basketball coaches. Scientific Reports, 16(1), 6831-6831. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38226-y
- Duque, V. H., Saenz-López, P., Gómez-Ruano, M. Á ., Ibáñez-Godoy, S. J., Conde, C., Almagro, B. J., & Rebollo, J. A. (2022). Analysis of the different scenarios of coach’s anger on the performance of youth basketball teams. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19: 459. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010459
- Else-Quest, N. M., Higgins, A., Allison, C., & Morton, L. C. (2012).
- Gender differences in self-conscious emotional experience: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138(5), 947-981. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027930
- Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
- Fletcher, D., & Scott, M. (2010). Psychological stress in sports coaches: A review of concepts, research, and practice. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(2), 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903406208
- Gou, Q., & Li, Y. (2025). The influence of basketball players’ tracking speed ability on sports decision performance. PeerJ, 13: e20266. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20266
- Jahansa, N., & Nickbakhsh, R. (2014). The relationship between personality traits and creativity in coaches. Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(1), 14-17.
- Jowett, S. (2024). The coach-athlete relationship within a cross-boundary team of experts: A conceptual analysis. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2024.2416968
- Jowett, S., & Cockerill, I. M. (2003). Olympic medallists’ perspective of the athlete-coach relationship. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4(4), 313-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00011-0
- Jowett, S., & Ntoumanis, N. (2004). The coach–athlete relationship questionnaire (CART-Q): Development and initial validation. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 14(4), 245-257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2003.00338.x
- Jowett, S., Wachsmuth, S., Boardley, I. D., & Balduck, A. L. (2024). The role of emotional intelligence and quality relationships in athletes’ and coaches’ levels of satisfaction: a multi-study analysis. Sports Coaching Review, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/21640629.2024.2359774
- Kao, S. F., Tsai, C. Y., Schinke, R., Wu, Y. C., & Hsu, C. M. (2023). Effects of coach extraversion and educational environment on transformational leadership and athlete outcomes: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Sports Sciences, 41(14), 1383-1392. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2023.2273086
- Kavussanu, M., & Boardley, I. D. (2009). The Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior in Sport Scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31(1), 97-117. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.1.97
- Kiamouri, A., Angeli, M., Krommidas, C., Digelidis, N., & Karatrantou, K. (2024). Tennis Coaches’ Self-Determined Motivation and Achievement Goals: Links between Coach-Created Motivational Climate, Work Engagement, and Well-Being. Behavioral Sciences, 14(8), 681. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080681
- Kim, Y., & Park, I. (2020). “Coach Really Knew What I Needed and Understood Me Well as a Person”: Effective Communication Acts in Coach-Athlete Interactions among Korean Olympic Archers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9): 3101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093101
- Kolar, E., Biloslavo, R., Pišot, R., Veličković, S., & Tušak, M. (2025). Conceptual framework of coaches’ decision-making in conventional sports. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1498186-1498186. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1498186
- Li, X., Sun, J., & Han, J. (2025). The relationship between coaches leadership behaviour and training attitudes of college high-level athletes: The role of self-management and sport self-efficacy. BMC Psychology, 13(1): 1336. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03703-y
- Liu, R., Wang, S., & Li, J. (2025). How coach leadership behavior influences athletes’ performance: The chain-mediated role of the coachathlete relationship and psychological fatigue. Frontiers in Psychology, 15: 1500867. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1500867
- Martín-Rodríguez, A., Gostian-Ropotin, L. A., Beltrán-Velasco, A. I., Belando-Pedreño, N., Simón, J. A., López-Mora, C., Navarro-Jiménez, E., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2024). Sporting Mind: The Interplay of Physical Activity and Psychological Health. Sports, 12(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12010037
- McCarthy, P. J. (2011). Positive emotion in sport performance: Current status and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(1), 50–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2011.560955
- Nash, C., Sproule, J., & Horton, P. (2012). Excellence in coaching: The art and skill of elite practitioners. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 83(2), 229-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2012.10599852
- Ouddak, M., Gueracha, T., Achira, M. Y., Boudouani, A., Rebouh, S., Sadaoui, M., Khellafi, A., & Mahi, S. (2024). Personality traits of sports coaches and their relationship to team cohesion. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 8(4), 167-177.
- Piepiora, P. (2020). A review of personality research in sport. Pedagogy and Psychology of Sport, 6(4), 64-83. https://doi.org/10.12775/PPS.2020.06.04.007
- Predoiu, A. (2020). Metodologia cerceta rii s tiint ifice: Aplicat ii practice s i elemente de statistica neparametrica [Scientific Research Methodology: Practical Applications and nonparametric statistical elements]. Discobolul.
- Raabe, J., Lauer, E. E., & Bejar, M. P. (2022). Mental toughness in youth sport coaches: A phenomenological exploration. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 34(6), 1170-1190. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2021.1922538
- Rieke, M., Hammermeister, J., & Chase, M. (2008). Servant leadership in sport: A new paradigm for effective coach behavior. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 3(2), 227–239.
- Rudasill, K. M., & Rimm-Kaufman, S. E. (2009). Teacher-child relationship quality: The roles of child temperament and teacher–child interactions. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 24(2), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2008.12.003
- Saginbayevna, J. A. (2025). Tasks of A Coach in Educating Sportsmen in The Sport of Basketball. International Journal of Pedagogics, 5(04), 301-305. https://doi.org/10.37547/ijp/Volume05Issue04-80
- Shi, G., & Chang, L. (2024). The Role of Emotional Intelligence of Coaches and its Impact on Coaching Skills in Basketball. Journal of Education and Educational Research, 8(3), 108-122. https://doi.org/10.54097/cv4dxb21
- Shuai, Y., Wang, S., Liu, X., Kueh, Y. C., & Kuan, G. (2023).
- The influence of the five-factor model of personality on performance in competitive sports: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 14: 1284378. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1284378
- Singh, V. K., & Singh, G. (2025). Mental playmakers: Exploring the psychological landscape of basketball positions at the university level. International Journal of Physiology, Sports and Physical Education, 7(2), 32–34. https://doi.org/10.33545/26647710.2025.v7.i2a.139
- Stebbings, J., Taylor, I. M., & Spray, C. M. (2011). Antecedents of Perceived Coach Autonomy Supportive and Controlling Behaviors: Coach Psychological Need Satisfaction and Well-Being. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33(2), 255-272. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.2.255
- Strelau, J. (2020). Temperament. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (pp. 5388-5407). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_446
- Tamás-Szora, L., & Béki, P. (2026). A new model of athlete profiling in individual sports. Sprint, Sports Research International. https://doi.org/10.1556/1020.2026.00043
- Tenenbaum, G., Vigodsky, A., & Lev, A. (2023). Coaches’ Mind Games: Harnessing Technical Fouls for Psychological Momentum in Basketball. Behavioral Sciences, 13(11), 904-904. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13110904
- Thelwell, R. C., Weston, N. J. V., Greenlees, I. A., & Hutchings, N. V. (2008).
- Stressors in elite sport: A coach perspective. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(9), 905-918. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410801885933
- Van der Werff, J. J. (1985). Heymans’ temperamental dimensions in personality research. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(3), 279287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(85)90019-4
- Van der Werff, J. J., & Verster, J. (1987). Heymans’ temperamental dimensions recomputed. Personality and Individual Differences, 8(2), 271-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(87)90186-3
- Vermeij, R. R., & Vroomen, C. H. F. L. (2023). Heymans’ Cube. University of Groningen Press.
- Wunder, J., Priem, M., Wagner, G. G., & Stoll, O. (2024a). Does the German sports system recruit coaches with a functional personality? Attempting an answer by comparing German basketball coaches with teachers and managers. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 54(3), 354–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-024-00963-5
- Wunder, J., Priem, M., Wagner, G. G., & Stoll, O. (2024b). Risk-behavior of German basketball coaches: comparing the willingness to take risks on different coaching license levels with the general population and different professional subgroups. Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 8(2), 64-77. https://doi.org/10.37393/jass.2024.02.7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/tperj-2026-0006 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6040 (formerly 2065-0574) | Journal ISSN: 2065-0574
Language: English
Page range: 1 - 13
Published on: Aug 19, 2026
Published by: West University of Timisoara
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Alexandra Predoiu, Alin Mihăiță Săftel, Alessandro Quartiroli, Alina Daniela Moanţă, published by West University of Timisoara
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.