Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Verbal and nonverbal behavior of swimming coaches and the effect on athletes’ perceived performance Cover

Verbal and nonverbal behavior of swimming coaches and the effect on athletes’ perceived performance

Open Access
|Jan 2026

References

  1. Agustí, D., Ballester, R., Juan-Blay, J., Taylor, W., & Huertas, F. (2020). The Academic Background of Youth Soccer Coaches Modulates Their Behavior During Training. Frontiers in Psychology, 11: 582209.
  2. Amorose, A. J., & Anderson-Butcher, D. (2007). Autonomy-supportive coaching and self-determined motivation in high school and college athletes: A test of self-determination theory. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(5), 654-670.
  3. Bertollo, M., di Fronso, S., Filho, E., Conforto, S., Schmid, M., Bortoli, L., Comani, S., & Robazza, C. (2016). Proficient brain for optimal performance: The MAP model perspective. PeerJ, 4: e2082.
  4. Borggrefe, C., & Cachay, K. (2013). Communicative challenges of coaches in an elite-level sports system. Theoretical reflections on successful coaching strategies. European Journal for Sport and Society, 10(1), 7-29.
  5. Choi, H., Park, J.-A., & Kim, Y. (2019). Decreasing Aggression through Team Communication in Collegiate Athletes. Sustainability, 11(20): 5650.
  6. Corrado, D. D., Sagone, E., Buscemi, A., & Coco, M. (2023). The Relationship between Anger Expression and Performance Score in Parents and Coaches: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy and Assertiveness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(7): 5372.
  7. Davis, L., Jowett, S., & Tafvelin, S. (2019). Communication Strategies: The Fuel for Quality Coach-Athlete Relationships and Athlete Satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 10: 2156.
  8. Erdner, S. M., & Wright, C. N. (2017). The Relationship Between Family Communication Patterns and the Self-Efficacy of Student-Athletes. Communication & Sport, 6(3): 368.
  9. Furley, P., & Schweizer, G. (2020). Body language in sport. In G. Tenenbaum, R. C. Eklund, & N. Boiangin (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology: Exercise, methodologies, & special topics (4th ed., pp. 1201–1219). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  10. Hanin, Y. L. (2000). Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) Model: Emotion-performance relationship in sport. In Y. L. Hanin (Ed.), Emotions in sport (pp. 65–89). Human Kinetics.
  11. Jiahao, L., & Jing, L. (2024). Examining the link between coach-athlete relationship and athlete burnout among college soccer players: the mediating role of training satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 15: 1409609.
  12. Kassing, J. W., & Infante, D. A. (1999). Aggressive communication in the coach-athlete relationship. Communication Research Reports, 16(2), 110-120.
  13. Kim, Y., & Park, I. (2020). “Coach Really Knew What I Needed and Understood Me Well as a Person”: Effective Communication Acts in Coach–Athlete Interactions among Korean Olympic Archers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3101.
  14. Kleef, G. A. van, Cheshin, A., Koning, L., & Wolf, S. A. (2019). Emotional games: How coaches’ emotional expressions shape players’ emotions, inferences, and team performance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 41, 1-11.
  15. Landman, M., Grobbelaar, H., & Kraak, W. (2024). Coach perspectives on coach-athlete relationships and characteristics of Generation Z academy level rugby union players from South Africa. Frontiers in sports and active living, 6: 1461951.
  16. Lausic, D., Tenenbaum, G., Eccles, D., Jeong, A., & Johnson, T. (2009). Intrateam communication and performance in doubles tennis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80(2), 281–290.
  17. Liu, R., Wang, S., & Li, J. (2025). How coach leadership behavior influences athletes’ performance: the chain-mediated role of the coach-athlete relationship and psychological fatigue. Frontiers in Psychology, 15: 1500867.
  18. Ostrowska-Karpisz, A., & Siekańska, M. (2019). Coach-athlete communication patterns and their role in the development of children’s swimming skills. Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences, 29(88), 9-17.
  19. Pânişoară, I. O., Predoiu, A., Mitrache, G., Pânişoară, G., & Predoiu, R. (2019). Optimisation of coach-athlete communication. Discobolul – Physical Education, Sport & Kinetotherapy Journal, 58(4), 19-25.
  20. Pedersen, P. M. (Ed.) (2017). Routledge Handbook of Sport Communication. Taylor & Francis.
  21. Pop, C. L., & Zamfir, M. V. (2019). Nonverbal communication of young players in team sports. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 24(1), 26-29.
  22. Predoiu, A. (2020). Metodologia cercetării științifice. Aplicații practice și elemente de statistică neparametrică [Scientific research methodology. Practical applications and elements of nonparametric statistics]. Discobolul.
  23. Predoiu, R. (2016). Psihologia sportului. Maximizarea performanței sportive [Sports psychology. Maximizing sports performance]. Polirom.
  24. Predoiu, R., Bertollo, M., Piotrowski, A., Stănescu, R., Hamdi, F., Szabo, G., & Cosma, G. (2025). Psychological resilience in Olympic combat sports. Frontiers in Psychology, 16: 1605765.
  25. Predoiu, R., Mitrache, G., Predoiu, A., Grigore, V., Mihaila, C., & Ciuntea L. (2019). Ways of improving the verbal, nonverbal and paraverbal communication with athletes. Discobolul – Physical Education, Sport and Kinetotherapy Journal, 56(2), 20-26.
  26. Rădulescu, A., Marinescu, G., & Ticală, L. (2018). Modern Communication Means to Improve Performance for Young Swimmers. In V. Grigore, M. Stanescu, & M. Paunescu (Eds.), Physical Education, Sport and Kinetotherapy - ICPESK 2017, vol 36. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences (pp. 132-139). Future Academy.
  27. Rhind, D. J. A., & Jowett, S. (2012). The COMPASS Model for Coach-Athlete Relationships. Available online: https://ppsccoaching.wordpress.com/2012/12/23/the-compass-model-for-coach-athlete-relationships/
  28. Robot, M. (2024). Discourse analysis and communication strategy of sport learning: a systematic review assisted with VOSviewer. Retos, 61, 430-439.
  29. Sagar, S. S., & Jowett, S. (2012). Communicative Acts in Coach–Athlete Interactions: When Losing Competitions and When Making Mistakes in Training. Western Journal of Communication, 76(2): 148.
  30. Silberfeld, C. (2022). The Early Childhood Graduate Practitioner Competencies. A Guide for Professional Practice. SAGE Publications.
  31. Sociawan, E. A., Wibowo, R., & Ratnawati, R. (2023). Unlocking Karate Athlete Performance: The Power of Effective Coaching Communication. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advance Research in Social and Economic Science (ICARSE 2022), Series: Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 468-475.
  32. Sullivan, P., & Feltz, D. L. (2003). The preliminary development of the Scale for Effective Communication in Team Sports (SECTS). Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(8), 1693–171.
  33. Turman, P. D. (2008). Coaches’ immediacy behaviors as predictors of athletes’ satisfaction and team cohesion. Western Journal of Communication, 72(2), 169–187.
  34. Vasile, L. (2014). Înotul și influența sa psihomotrică – Teoria și practica în sporturi de apă [Swimming and its psychomotor influence – Theory and practice in water sports]. Bren.
  35. World Aquatics Point Scoring. (2025). Available online: https://www.worldaquatics.com/swimming/points
  36. Zatoń, K., & Szczepan, S. (2014). The impact of immediate verbal feedback on the improvement of swimming technique. Journal of Human Kinetics, 41, 143-154.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/tperj-2025-0019 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6040 | Journal ISSN: 2065-0574
Language: English
Page range: 1 - 10
Published on: Jan 12, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

© 2026 Radu Predoiu, Adrian Rădulescu, Teodora Groasă, Mathias Alberton, Cătălin Stanciu, Răzvan Marian Bucătaru, published by West University of Timisoara
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.