Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.
![Comparison of values of the cmq derivative obtained using two computational methods with experimental results from [14].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/695753f47c29e05adc528aeb/j_tar-2025-0021_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKISKFYITU%2F20260221%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260221T210441Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEOj%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCySd1L9yAJPQ7UvaNmL8lA74x2ED%2BXD3DQdGLIAwLtHAIgW0XytHRIqeW28YvAqtCtf2fi59fTRe4n0S55vf3uyUoqxgUIsf%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDJB%2BMCeKD2ss%2F6FzmyqaBc7yAoqzxOuJJpcwUp004K2Ob2iuAT%2FO5VQc6SOH%2B5t1WJHrX2ZrlO%2B6EYPRh8UF8VYEMnYEXiuZdzwy1ru6xlRVAyuZxxvf21Q1u10Dk6ubJr1ZBAv9JKEDobQxzAsTTqE4adj%2BDbA5hL7kJ3U%2F8KISjGvhwU6kwkIIaj8jYfwZ2wTOjWRR56USk5j4AZcSM7Job5olz7cM9HxLh2OskEo%2BZndjFgMLz%2BFD0Bi2iKKS3Aqo%2BUZ4do0NzoXetz64tULqvCNpAsk%2Fs%2Fu79YioE17thbN0fI2sAV3yZ0%2BVOfqpY0BAagIgP74M2iP26Tf9sL6boKy%2FwUwozrmxYM5ol%2BEvI%2FF7D%2B%2F%2BFjN%2BffbZl8dPbin0GORG2D%2B3hL1awmqrVmljtJ4XcluHJcl%2BLZZXJTZm6eXZz%2BWyFf6ga9gLVh7FvX3PxaCcLEOX%2BqlEekOoaTorNHZH5hDg5uog8MGO9erKXVeVPlbJzkMVQ7O8ONNShpM2zcGmAcHGWEMK9ffMir1yw0ro9fSqYF%2Fx547lYnEGdaefS9gcyP8b0a3sxKuAsJEj3ltkDnl84hz5jmOQY0uNswnOvjWbCinFf02aO1f%2FMiaB3JZSimc3cQXeS14vp6FSUZ%2FH%2FtuH3eYalfqLOKQriJcqd6NJuvnFCbLqyV1%2F2R3ETxH43ol14jbLlMuHq21ReE68BD%2Bsur5iy%2BZM3OcquG5TqhKNQscU8Q5Mpr8%2BiBdt8%2FhH2bN4Q9pNNxOcyEBAshGH8KA5JlG3fy6bXF2Nu3NQjiZNhAT0F7Hbii5NlntzrxSj4uLSetjLHHcMDx6X2ZvEo%2BsvO0cntDmiDKYVheeSPM11R49hVW4a4cXy4E5VeeARev5epJrszE0R5n314NGc%2F4SvaDCto%2BfMBjqxATRfbRzKZQraQG5us2TwRmhyXMllVtWUAqlvJw%2BTERUUG1dnSZ7ij%2BEJv%2BNLu1UzfC0JFDRFKk3RlmQdp4%2FzGr1g15LSx%2FYveUSfJHhEWkZa%2FsJHJtL3TTW6Fn%2FDU0yMgtP1RSL0AYHgkLNzcNqK2eu7EqFXEqXnTtNuHrt4jSHC7TfVSWIY0PkV98eajOv%2BzCTOJBNaIydMMkSxPZmkXx43XFbY5XNgwqySiCXY2nGxQQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=5553a8732fa9d238a52d6b0d7ed2a98621c3005bcdf61365c28cc5b6d0c93967&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.
![Comparison of the sum of derivatives cmq and cmα˜{c_{{m_{\tilde \alpha }}}} computed in the present work and measured in experiment [6], [14].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/695753f47c29e05adc528aeb/j_tar-2025-0021_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKISKFYITU%2F20260221%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260221T210441Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEOj%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCySd1L9yAJPQ7UvaNmL8lA74x2ED%2BXD3DQdGLIAwLtHAIgW0XytHRIqeW28YvAqtCtf2fi59fTRe4n0S55vf3uyUoqxgUIsf%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDJB%2BMCeKD2ss%2F6FzmyqaBc7yAoqzxOuJJpcwUp004K2Ob2iuAT%2FO5VQc6SOH%2B5t1WJHrX2ZrlO%2B6EYPRh8UF8VYEMnYEXiuZdzwy1ru6xlRVAyuZxxvf21Q1u10Dk6ubJr1ZBAv9JKEDobQxzAsTTqE4adj%2BDbA5hL7kJ3U%2F8KISjGvhwU6kwkIIaj8jYfwZ2wTOjWRR56USk5j4AZcSM7Job5olz7cM9HxLh2OskEo%2BZndjFgMLz%2BFD0Bi2iKKS3Aqo%2BUZ4do0NzoXetz64tULqvCNpAsk%2Fs%2Fu79YioE17thbN0fI2sAV3yZ0%2BVOfqpY0BAagIgP74M2iP26Tf9sL6boKy%2FwUwozrmxYM5ol%2BEvI%2FF7D%2B%2F%2BFjN%2BffbZl8dPbin0GORG2D%2B3hL1awmqrVmljtJ4XcluHJcl%2BLZZXJTZm6eXZz%2BWyFf6ga9gLVh7FvX3PxaCcLEOX%2BqlEekOoaTorNHZH5hDg5uog8MGO9erKXVeVPlbJzkMVQ7O8ONNShpM2zcGmAcHGWEMK9ffMir1yw0ro9fSqYF%2Fx547lYnEGdaefS9gcyP8b0a3sxKuAsJEj3ltkDnl84hz5jmOQY0uNswnOvjWbCinFf02aO1f%2FMiaB3JZSimc3cQXeS14vp6FSUZ%2FH%2FtuH3eYalfqLOKQriJcqd6NJuvnFCbLqyV1%2F2R3ETxH43ol14jbLlMuHq21ReE68BD%2Bsur5iy%2BZM3OcquG5TqhKNQscU8Q5Mpr8%2BiBdt8%2FhH2bN4Q9pNNxOcyEBAshGH8KA5JlG3fy6bXF2Nu3NQjiZNhAT0F7Hbii5NlntzrxSj4uLSetjLHHcMDx6X2ZvEo%2BsvO0cntDmiDKYVheeSPM11R49hVW4a4cXy4E5VeeARev5epJrszE0R5n314NGc%2F4SvaDCto%2BfMBjqxATRfbRzKZQraQG5us2TwRmhyXMllVtWUAqlvJw%2BTERUUG1dnSZ7ij%2BEJv%2BNLu1UzfC0JFDRFKk3RlmQdp4%2FzGr1g15LSx%2FYveUSfJHhEWkZa%2FsJHJtL3TTW6Fn%2FDU0yMgtP1RSL0AYHgkLNzcNqK2eu7EqFXEqXnTtNuHrt4jSHC7TfVSWIY0PkV98eajOv%2BzCTOJBNaIydMMkSxPZmkXx43XFbY5XNgwqySiCXY2nGxQQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=bc968865ee597033e0dd208d70983e41c01157e34d520529cfcca3b51de02fb4&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 8.
![Geometry of the SZD-9 Bocian 1E glider in three views (from [16]) and surface distribution of pressure coefficient obtained for a steady flow at α = 10° and rotational velocity p = 0.5 rad/s, computed using the Moving Reference Frame in Ansys Fluent.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/695753f47c29e05adc528aeb/j_tar-2025-0021_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKISKFYITU%2F20260221%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260221T210441Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEOj%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCySd1L9yAJPQ7UvaNmL8lA74x2ED%2BXD3DQdGLIAwLtHAIgW0XytHRIqeW28YvAqtCtf2fi59fTRe4n0S55vf3uyUoqxgUIsf%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDJB%2BMCeKD2ss%2F6FzmyqaBc7yAoqzxOuJJpcwUp004K2Ob2iuAT%2FO5VQc6SOH%2B5t1WJHrX2ZrlO%2B6EYPRh8UF8VYEMnYEXiuZdzwy1ru6xlRVAyuZxxvf21Q1u10Dk6ubJr1ZBAv9JKEDobQxzAsTTqE4adj%2BDbA5hL7kJ3U%2F8KISjGvhwU6kwkIIaj8jYfwZ2wTOjWRR56USk5j4AZcSM7Job5olz7cM9HxLh2OskEo%2BZndjFgMLz%2BFD0Bi2iKKS3Aqo%2BUZ4do0NzoXetz64tULqvCNpAsk%2Fs%2Fu79YioE17thbN0fI2sAV3yZ0%2BVOfqpY0BAagIgP74M2iP26Tf9sL6boKy%2FwUwozrmxYM5ol%2BEvI%2FF7D%2B%2F%2BFjN%2BffbZl8dPbin0GORG2D%2B3hL1awmqrVmljtJ4XcluHJcl%2BLZZXJTZm6eXZz%2BWyFf6ga9gLVh7FvX3PxaCcLEOX%2BqlEekOoaTorNHZH5hDg5uog8MGO9erKXVeVPlbJzkMVQ7O8ONNShpM2zcGmAcHGWEMK9ffMir1yw0ro9fSqYF%2Fx547lYnEGdaefS9gcyP8b0a3sxKuAsJEj3ltkDnl84hz5jmOQY0uNswnOvjWbCinFf02aO1f%2FMiaB3JZSimc3cQXeS14vp6FSUZ%2FH%2FtuH3eYalfqLOKQriJcqd6NJuvnFCbLqyV1%2F2R3ETxH43ol14jbLlMuHq21ReE68BD%2Bsur5iy%2BZM3OcquG5TqhKNQscU8Q5Mpr8%2BiBdt8%2FhH2bN4Q9pNNxOcyEBAshGH8KA5JlG3fy6bXF2Nu3NQjiZNhAT0F7Hbii5NlntzrxSj4uLSetjLHHcMDx6X2ZvEo%2BsvO0cntDmiDKYVheeSPM11R49hVW4a4cXy4E5VeeARev5epJrszE0R5n314NGc%2F4SvaDCto%2BfMBjqxATRfbRzKZQraQG5us2TwRmhyXMllVtWUAqlvJw%2BTERUUG1dnSZ7ij%2BEJv%2BNLu1UzfC0JFDRFKk3RlmQdp4%2FzGr1g15LSx%2FYveUSfJHhEWkZa%2FsJHJtL3TTW6Fn%2FDU0yMgtP1RSL0AYHgkLNzcNqK2eu7EqFXEqXnTtNuHrt4jSHC7TfVSWIY0PkV98eajOv%2BzCTOJBNaIydMMkSxPZmkXx43XFbY5XNgwqySiCXY2nGxQQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=559bb106085dde6737c70969a0c61b28ee05111b560adec78096b34cc95e214e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 11.

Fig. 12.

Fig. 13.

Fig. 14.

Fig. 15.

Fig. 16.


Percentage change in dynamic derivatives after decreasing the time step_
| Δ t* U∞/d | Δ% Cmq | Δ% CNq |
|---|---|---|
| 0.3 | -2.47% | -1.93% |
| 0.2 | -1.08% | -0.91% |
| 0.1 | -0.15% | -0.12% |
| 0.05 | 0.00% | 0.00% |