Fig. 1.
![Noise exposure was reduced by two-thirds between 2019 & 2020, and may stay below pre-COVID levels [2].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0003_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKETR57L4P%2F20260217%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260217T232740Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEIn%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDQYfneDh5yng0%2FCqMSK%2FrlUlqvKE3qK506E74Nv%2By1QgIgK3dnO4Sp4vaIGCMi4GzUeBdPwNN7Efgk9ouQKOGVKRsqvQUIUxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDCbFxXWaVZ0%2Fo9uUYyqaBciuF%2BkBOzsPG8mMemzqwgGnZVATqsGMWMDdpp3gEHPS0On%2FTndDOWUCSTvT%2BQgtScVJrQV1CG60U2NlGdBh4Pe9rmm4mBSq7EeSNeiwXO52OSdJwM1jVThVTE5R71%2BpnqqBLA66galpnZEeNFkLHmEo9RBUuPT4HhP8UKBKV%2FPrfioLUaVyxXKAdGZG1VjGYCh95Ij4BRrzNIQcF5%2FMrlveaKGxV2DeNVpGrgY8YQpMxtJZ0fmdmRy877stUcv6%2FoyM75eyjCm2qukp8U4W5%2FpMPLjhDJeizo2N216o6iSrKCaqp%2FBKZi7uDQZV6IY3KRc2HuZ7%2BekLvj%2B8gV3BdKutII1WprgJ94ZmxvIoAE5dfJ%2BNRGcgm%2FNZXl5joFL%2BUu59DHUkyBskpV4zcjOkM0PP6qVZ8Iy5HnHL1glaBByyjirZ65DzC9AcWHj3hus5lMEzTaDzIU0krVZ%2FEJ9mcdFsVbMvFumwlC02E1i0Ov39ujyjOkBDfbk%2BhLTlTDSGzAyJIDlted7jvbl0vtabh%2Bzx6yxp1%2BL1mnHal0v6JSCQsBIXUO6wjgFgv30LXgL2H9%2B7xGL8jMiCSif1A30CpwqR3%2BaF5sBtoXK3aRwvsgcuIVv1vmzWDUzNVjql%2BEHGB5Hwr65S21%2BwGKwSP1Xeus%2FUYCvma%2FPJiPSADjUniv%2FbTxL1mGZMWsAx9RdiaavDV1bpiGbd48cyRTL4c9kI0JAbew58eXStR2E9G%2BOdH9JB6d4txinAGxdrxuNIkVesdCiIWDkVi%2FmWUynJlHlNsIPezxMZGZQOu1fqC%2B3cBJqfndzUkoGjZH%2BrsYecxhs85EEezsOjLEGlQ8F4r149R0nsyFD8rzQT9C5pU5%2F2%2B4lBob8mT1cq%2Bx1%2BJTC4yNLMBjqxAZo1e5CZLvHq3BxQTDntz0ekV6xxYWkUp3WIjkBTqymAtm%2FhFeGjRLvfHw9e5fOLXxB7aoF7G%2B1dgrYe1cYK8mHUROD90xIHgHNe26b7q7u%2FoNySjW5URgT6nVILdc1tXlE0l8q0D3p7DKJciziuPhC3aemgKWWaawLUz10hSdZRgbQ2GBazO73wwzM5S3is5YC%2BGmM6iWLvNpj7%2BGdWM1W7VLpXcD920R7PovTScM9xzQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=2b52258ae912217d7714d3f47aabbb8a0722fba5ad8bf78ba5a00b3389d14417&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Changes in the Areas of Equal Noise Contours in the Vicinity of the Airport for Different Operational Scenarios_
| Contour Level (LAeq, dBA) | Scenario 0 [sq km] | Scenario 1 [sq km] | Change 0→1 [%] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 55 | 351.58 | 318.45 | −9.43 |
| 65 | 91.78 | 83.92 | −8.56 |
| 75 | 13.70 | 13.62 | −0.58 |
| 85 | 2.30 | 2.37 | +3.04 |
Modeling results: optimal distribution T (scenario 1) aircraft types, vertical profiles and tracks during the landing phase compared to scenario 0_
| Aircraft Type (i) | Route (j) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1, B 738 | k=1/2/3/4/5 | 10/0/0/0/0 | 7/1/1/1/1 | 8/1/1/1/1 | 5/1/1/0/1 | 5/1/1/0/1 | 7/1/1/1/1 | 8/1/1/1/1 | 6/1/1/0/1 |
| 2, B 773 | k=1/2/3/4/5 | 10/0/0/0/0 | 8/1/1/1/1 | 8/1/1/1/1 | 5/1/1/0/1 | 5/1/1/0/1 | 8/1/1/1/1 | 8/1/1/1/1 | 5/1/1/0/1 |
| 3, A 321 | k=1/2/3/4/5 | 10/0/0/0/0 | 8/1/1/1/1 | 8/1/1/1/1 | 5/1/1/0/1 | 5/1/1/0/1 | 8/1/1/1/1 | 8/1/1/1/1 | 5/1/1/0/1 |
| 4, A 330 | k=1/2/3/4/5 | 10/0/0/0/0 | 9/1/1/1/1 | 9/1/1/1/1 | 4/1/1/0/1 | 4/1/1/0/1 | 9/1/1/1/1 | 9/1/1/1/1 | 4/1/1/0/1 |
| 5, A 340 | k=1/2/3/4/5 | 10/0/0/0/0 | 9/1/1/1/1 | 9/1/1/1/1 | 3/1/1/0/1 | 3/1/1/0/1 | 9/1/1/1/1 | 9/1/1/1/1 | 4/1/1/0/1 |
Comparison of measured and modeled data on the example of A321 (N=65, averaged measured data for approach MP2 and departure MP4)_
| POINT | Modelled data | Measured data | Difference | Correction | Difference (corr) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LAmax, dBA | |||||
| MP2 | 89.4 | 95.2 | −5.8 | 91.8 | −3.4 |
| MP4 | 84.2 | 88.0 | −3.8 | 85.6 | −2.4 |
| SEL, dBA | |||||
| MP2 | 94.4 | 96.7 | −2.3 | 95.1 | −1.6 |
| MP4 | 91.1 | 90.9 | 0.2 | 90.9 | 0.0 |
Noise abatement procedures and implementation restrictions [11]_
| Category of procedure | Procedures | Implementation restrictions | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capacity | Airport configuration and residential areas | Environmental tradeoffs | ||
| Noise abatement flight procedures | CDA | + | ||
| NADPs | + | + | + | |
| Modified approach angles | + | |||
| Staggered, or displaced landing thresholds | + | + | ||
| Low power/low drag approach profile | + | |||
| Minimum use of reverse thrust after landing | + | |||
| Spatial management | Noise preferred arrival and departure routes | + | + | + |
| Flight track dispersion or concentration | + | + | + | |
| Noise preferred runways | + | + | + | |
| Ground management | Hush houses and engine run up management (location/aircraft orientation, time of day, maximum thrust level) | + | + | |
| APU management | + | + | + | |
| Taxi and queue management | + | + | ||
| Towing | + | |||
| Taxi power control (taxi with less than all engines operating) | + | |||