Figure 1.
![Different arrangements of the main satellite subsystems: (A) remote sensing satellite [15] and (B) Ionospheric Observation Nanosatellite Formation [16].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKBB6FQMPH%2F20260318%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260318T201815Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjED4aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDHvADvXmqYTWfoDAKGUCwg%2BBPAIYGj%2FRm7%2FL%2FLjAoDLQIgB8VLaEPQjjleWgOrdlUOHaw3kWD%2BGYTZec6Y8t%2FrP5cqvQUIBxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDIxaO7J4%2BbV8bwX4OCqaBQMyrn%2BzKNsxUgSW%2FmMgzv7vFasUUrVFZ57wvcKKg%2F92yqerJ%2Fa%2BLAicsBfrqkzMmnaK480spPVvpy7If257%2B59Do68fOXp%2FfyD5iFZGmjBSeZFHV6F0g%2FscPfrnlkTg9w6lnms%2FgMRlZu%2FvRwBFRsDTv6zSgSao%2BLsP0V8a99w0TB0NmjK8as2fSduEq1aAGBi0MjAsjnCiI7BX6C0U5qrjEVD2ug5Zv%2F9odcSFYUpNiE4twE4zSCZ4C%2F9UNPRGCHkw7qSusSgH6T1CRLGta01jbuf9cP0euHpm7PjD1R8k4fRvyrbzpaIqoNIrF3fty6OCfMaPcNEPKY%2FbdzcdWpa6uNiCVkg3D80YlscqL1R7RrWjkqKG9lsp3x7i9Unu7qVCz2psX4OGNHlFlxT85x9dOLQGhR4oty2Ip5iCYSKFNHlq8zWA8Qmju6pf5u0aAmELF51bnOmaTxjMQDFX0yKq5AKLUDfepKJXMm1W3KEu0KGI661%2B%2FiUwO6bx%2FEXodiN3UhoDhSlaWsxjNeooN05q5yPYhbiwplH9d4mXYgy4CcLt%2FHLTkAYIgYrcoMp0PQqg5Qv27duP53GQ7HhxtrqDoWX5rmktOr7zeVTqEDK8qV09fSfKFbzdUDpuuvBZU1H8f0Q6Aj9itgFa7BcKCkermDiyBeF8YYwNDTPfHQiByQy4qxlfZwf36cGcjmwCdVIe1UCvj8qvHesRU%2F9TfKvM3WVQhCTD59bEXhRncjdnQfSrL%2Fqse8Naj9saSKzxtQop%2B1bMXjMJytZY4SPf%2FPOGrJLxkQweVROV8ypA%2F2TQlfYzphwguyJMz9KzR3vUYoG%2F73%2Bwkiuq8cdrl8woh9%2FzxYBPpBiiU1KUVzyCnS3o7FLky04KKfS89zDD4urNBjqxAV6XsBlUSaXk1jU1mvFzZSTCkBQaRWV2%2F071ql6gl2b8T23WnJaTJAO4iQrWwCbK8YbvH%2Byh7WDmjWeU8WpzhsLL6Z0wcn%2FgYerjnwrpA2G6dvOW%2BYWlsEe7Q9ZmyJHGIhGIPw%2BduJ37DwdNynaZ74rH646tIApaz5Rv1AAjZpmr5uWfHPrgonXXShNnwv3Gve9yyh8cvNltmUHwFRTR%2FVmgPb%2FTQSLM8uNBH7hW68phAQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=e63fdb804492a03dce16b03b750840f838677a3b62baac4023a6a175f57d247b&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2.
![Burn wire release mechanism in contact with white holding string [17].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKBB6FQMPH%2F20260318%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260318T201815Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjED4aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDHvADvXmqYTWfoDAKGUCwg%2BBPAIYGj%2FRm7%2FL%2FLjAoDLQIgB8VLaEPQjjleWgOrdlUOHaw3kWD%2BGYTZec6Y8t%2FrP5cqvQUIBxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDIxaO7J4%2BbV8bwX4OCqaBQMyrn%2BzKNsxUgSW%2FmMgzv7vFasUUrVFZ57wvcKKg%2F92yqerJ%2Fa%2BLAicsBfrqkzMmnaK480spPVvpy7If257%2B59Do68fOXp%2FfyD5iFZGmjBSeZFHV6F0g%2FscPfrnlkTg9w6lnms%2FgMRlZu%2FvRwBFRsDTv6zSgSao%2BLsP0V8a99w0TB0NmjK8as2fSduEq1aAGBi0MjAsjnCiI7BX6C0U5qrjEVD2ug5Zv%2F9odcSFYUpNiE4twE4zSCZ4C%2F9UNPRGCHkw7qSusSgH6T1CRLGta01jbuf9cP0euHpm7PjD1R8k4fRvyrbzpaIqoNIrF3fty6OCfMaPcNEPKY%2FbdzcdWpa6uNiCVkg3D80YlscqL1R7RrWjkqKG9lsp3x7i9Unu7qVCz2psX4OGNHlFlxT85x9dOLQGhR4oty2Ip5iCYSKFNHlq8zWA8Qmju6pf5u0aAmELF51bnOmaTxjMQDFX0yKq5AKLUDfepKJXMm1W3KEu0KGI661%2B%2FiUwO6bx%2FEXodiN3UhoDhSlaWsxjNeooN05q5yPYhbiwplH9d4mXYgy4CcLt%2FHLTkAYIgYrcoMp0PQqg5Qv27duP53GQ7HhxtrqDoWX5rmktOr7zeVTqEDK8qV09fSfKFbzdUDpuuvBZU1H8f0Q6Aj9itgFa7BcKCkermDiyBeF8YYwNDTPfHQiByQy4qxlfZwf36cGcjmwCdVIe1UCvj8qvHesRU%2F9TfKvM3WVQhCTD59bEXhRncjdnQfSrL%2Fqse8Naj9saSKzxtQop%2B1bMXjMJytZY4SPf%2FPOGrJLxkQweVROV8ypA%2F2TQlfYzphwguyJMz9KzR3vUYoG%2F73%2Bwkiuq8cdrl8woh9%2FzxYBPpBiiU1KUVzyCnS3o7FLky04KKfS89zDD4urNBjqxAV6XsBlUSaXk1jU1mvFzZSTCkBQaRWV2%2F071ql6gl2b8T23WnJaTJAO4iQrWwCbK8YbvH%2Byh7WDmjWeU8WpzhsLL6Z0wcn%2FgYerjnwrpA2G6dvOW%2BYWlsEe7Q9ZmyJHGIhGIPw%2BduJ37DwdNynaZ74rH646tIApaz5Rv1AAjZpmr5uWfHPrgonXXShNnwv3Gve9yyh8cvNltmUHwFRTR%2FVmgPb%2FTQSLM8uNBH7hW68phAQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=a9d786a5c253c675184e2c2d7f5fa90cd28dd4dad8b838e723adc1e92a8fc602&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3.
![Antenna deployment mechanism: (A) deployed and (B) folded [18].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKBB6FQMPH%2F20260318%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260318T201815Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjED4aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDHvADvXmqYTWfoDAKGUCwg%2BBPAIYGj%2FRm7%2FL%2FLjAoDLQIgB8VLaEPQjjleWgOrdlUOHaw3kWD%2BGYTZec6Y8t%2FrP5cqvQUIBxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDIxaO7J4%2BbV8bwX4OCqaBQMyrn%2BzKNsxUgSW%2FmMgzv7vFasUUrVFZ57wvcKKg%2F92yqerJ%2Fa%2BLAicsBfrqkzMmnaK480spPVvpy7If257%2B59Do68fOXp%2FfyD5iFZGmjBSeZFHV6F0g%2FscPfrnlkTg9w6lnms%2FgMRlZu%2FvRwBFRsDTv6zSgSao%2BLsP0V8a99w0TB0NmjK8as2fSduEq1aAGBi0MjAsjnCiI7BX6C0U5qrjEVD2ug5Zv%2F9odcSFYUpNiE4twE4zSCZ4C%2F9UNPRGCHkw7qSusSgH6T1CRLGta01jbuf9cP0euHpm7PjD1R8k4fRvyrbzpaIqoNIrF3fty6OCfMaPcNEPKY%2FbdzcdWpa6uNiCVkg3D80YlscqL1R7RrWjkqKG9lsp3x7i9Unu7qVCz2psX4OGNHlFlxT85x9dOLQGhR4oty2Ip5iCYSKFNHlq8zWA8Qmju6pf5u0aAmELF51bnOmaTxjMQDFX0yKq5AKLUDfepKJXMm1W3KEu0KGI661%2B%2FiUwO6bx%2FEXodiN3UhoDhSlaWsxjNeooN05q5yPYhbiwplH9d4mXYgy4CcLt%2FHLTkAYIgYrcoMp0PQqg5Qv27duP53GQ7HhxtrqDoWX5rmktOr7zeVTqEDK8qV09fSfKFbzdUDpuuvBZU1H8f0Q6Aj9itgFa7BcKCkermDiyBeF8YYwNDTPfHQiByQy4qxlfZwf36cGcjmwCdVIe1UCvj8qvHesRU%2F9TfKvM3WVQhCTD59bEXhRncjdnQfSrL%2Fqse8Naj9saSKzxtQop%2B1bMXjMJytZY4SPf%2FPOGrJLxkQweVROV8ypA%2F2TQlfYzphwguyJMz9KzR3vUYoG%2F73%2Bwkiuq8cdrl8woh9%2FzxYBPpBiiU1KUVzyCnS3o7FLky04KKfS89zDD4urNBjqxAV6XsBlUSaXk1jU1mvFzZSTCkBQaRWV2%2F071ql6gl2b8T23WnJaTJAO4iQrWwCbK8YbvH%2Byh7WDmjWeU8WpzhsLL6Z0wcn%2FgYerjnwrpA2G6dvOW%2BYWlsEe7Q9ZmyJHGIhGIPw%2BduJ37DwdNynaZ74rH646tIApaz5Rv1AAjZpmr5uWfHPrgonXXShNnwv3Gve9yyh8cvNltmUHwFRTR%2FVmgPb%2FTQSLM8uNBH7hW68phAQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=9ae4017456c2ad0ac85f626a4948c31bfda8b6bf440d9349fa2ef1c8f9048bf7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4.
![Different geometries and sizes of small satellites: (A) CubeSat standardisation [20] and (B) one-unit hexagonal satellite [21] and (C) two-unit hexagonal satellite [22].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKBB6FQMPH%2F20260318%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260318T201815Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjED4aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDHvADvXmqYTWfoDAKGUCwg%2BBPAIYGj%2FRm7%2FL%2FLjAoDLQIgB8VLaEPQjjleWgOrdlUOHaw3kWD%2BGYTZec6Y8t%2FrP5cqvQUIBxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDIxaO7J4%2BbV8bwX4OCqaBQMyrn%2BzKNsxUgSW%2FmMgzv7vFasUUrVFZ57wvcKKg%2F92yqerJ%2Fa%2BLAicsBfrqkzMmnaK480spPVvpy7If257%2B59Do68fOXp%2FfyD5iFZGmjBSeZFHV6F0g%2FscPfrnlkTg9w6lnms%2FgMRlZu%2FvRwBFRsDTv6zSgSao%2BLsP0V8a99w0TB0NmjK8as2fSduEq1aAGBi0MjAsjnCiI7BX6C0U5qrjEVD2ug5Zv%2F9odcSFYUpNiE4twE4zSCZ4C%2F9UNPRGCHkw7qSusSgH6T1CRLGta01jbuf9cP0euHpm7PjD1R8k4fRvyrbzpaIqoNIrF3fty6OCfMaPcNEPKY%2FbdzcdWpa6uNiCVkg3D80YlscqL1R7RrWjkqKG9lsp3x7i9Unu7qVCz2psX4OGNHlFlxT85x9dOLQGhR4oty2Ip5iCYSKFNHlq8zWA8Qmju6pf5u0aAmELF51bnOmaTxjMQDFX0yKq5AKLUDfepKJXMm1W3KEu0KGI661%2B%2FiUwO6bx%2FEXodiN3UhoDhSlaWsxjNeooN05q5yPYhbiwplH9d4mXYgy4CcLt%2FHLTkAYIgYrcoMp0PQqg5Qv27duP53GQ7HhxtrqDoWX5rmktOr7zeVTqEDK8qV09fSfKFbzdUDpuuvBZU1H8f0Q6Aj9itgFa7BcKCkermDiyBeF8YYwNDTPfHQiByQy4qxlfZwf36cGcjmwCdVIe1UCvj8qvHesRU%2F9TfKvM3WVQhCTD59bEXhRncjdnQfSrL%2Fqse8Naj9saSKzxtQop%2B1bMXjMJytZY4SPf%2FPOGrJLxkQweVROV8ypA%2F2TQlfYzphwguyJMz9KzR3vUYoG%2F73%2Bwkiuq8cdrl8woh9%2FzxYBPpBiiU1KUVzyCnS3o7FLky04KKfS89zDD4urNBjqxAV6XsBlUSaXk1jU1mvFzZSTCkBQaRWV2%2F071ql6gl2b8T23WnJaTJAO4iQrWwCbK8YbvH%2Byh7WDmjWeU8WpzhsLL6Z0wcn%2FgYerjnwrpA2G6dvOW%2BYWlsEe7Q9ZmyJHGIhGIPw%2BduJ37DwdNynaZ74rH646tIApaz5Rv1AAjZpmr5uWfHPrgonXXShNnwv3Gve9yyh8cvNltmUHwFRTR%2FVmgPb%2FTQSLM8uNBH7hW68phAQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=042b282ae786b997fd0ad805f376f386214a01930dd0f8afe0271e2878fa20dd&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 5.
![Geometric parameters of the isogrid structure, where t is the rib height, x is the rib width and z is the rib thickness [28].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKBB6FQMPH%2F20260318%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260318T201815Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjED4aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDHvADvXmqYTWfoDAKGUCwg%2BBPAIYGj%2FRm7%2FL%2FLjAoDLQIgB8VLaEPQjjleWgOrdlUOHaw3kWD%2BGYTZec6Y8t%2FrP5cqvQUIBxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDIxaO7J4%2BbV8bwX4OCqaBQMyrn%2BzKNsxUgSW%2FmMgzv7vFasUUrVFZ57wvcKKg%2F92yqerJ%2Fa%2BLAicsBfrqkzMmnaK480spPVvpy7If257%2B59Do68fOXp%2FfyD5iFZGmjBSeZFHV6F0g%2FscPfrnlkTg9w6lnms%2FgMRlZu%2FvRwBFRsDTv6zSgSao%2BLsP0V8a99w0TB0NmjK8as2fSduEq1aAGBi0MjAsjnCiI7BX6C0U5qrjEVD2ug5Zv%2F9odcSFYUpNiE4twE4zSCZ4C%2F9UNPRGCHkw7qSusSgH6T1CRLGta01jbuf9cP0euHpm7PjD1R8k4fRvyrbzpaIqoNIrF3fty6OCfMaPcNEPKY%2FbdzcdWpa6uNiCVkg3D80YlscqL1R7RrWjkqKG9lsp3x7i9Unu7qVCz2psX4OGNHlFlxT85x9dOLQGhR4oty2Ip5iCYSKFNHlq8zWA8Qmju6pf5u0aAmELF51bnOmaTxjMQDFX0yKq5AKLUDfepKJXMm1W3KEu0KGI661%2B%2FiUwO6bx%2FEXodiN3UhoDhSlaWsxjNeooN05q5yPYhbiwplH9d4mXYgy4CcLt%2FHLTkAYIgYrcoMp0PQqg5Qv27duP53GQ7HhxtrqDoWX5rmktOr7zeVTqEDK8qV09fSfKFbzdUDpuuvBZU1H8f0Q6Aj9itgFa7BcKCkermDiyBeF8YYwNDTPfHQiByQy4qxlfZwf36cGcjmwCdVIe1UCvj8qvHesRU%2F9TfKvM3WVQhCTD59bEXhRncjdnQfSrL%2Fqse8Naj9saSKzxtQop%2B1bMXjMJytZY4SPf%2FPOGrJLxkQweVROV8ypA%2F2TQlfYzphwguyJMz9KzR3vUYoG%2F73%2Bwkiuq8cdrl8woh9%2FzxYBPpBiiU1KUVzyCnS3o7FLky04KKfS89zDD4urNBjqxAV6XsBlUSaXk1jU1mvFzZSTCkBQaRWV2%2F071ql6gl2b8T23WnJaTJAO4iQrWwCbK8YbvH%2Byh7WDmjWeU8WpzhsLL6Z0wcn%2FgYerjnwrpA2G6dvOW%2BYWlsEe7Q9ZmyJHGIhGIPw%2BduJ37DwdNynaZ74rH646tIApaz5Rv1AAjZpmr5uWfHPrgonXXShNnwv3Gve9yyh8cvNltmUHwFRTR%2FVmgPb%2FTQSLM8uNBH7hW68phAQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=074af608629b8e892906a395ef31eef9181cfdf62cf5f7480ead91d0e1c65ee1&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 6.
![Honeycomb sandwich panel structure [36].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKBB6FQMPH%2F20260318%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260318T201815Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjED4aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDHvADvXmqYTWfoDAKGUCwg%2BBPAIYGj%2FRm7%2FL%2FLjAoDLQIgB8VLaEPQjjleWgOrdlUOHaw3kWD%2BGYTZec6Y8t%2FrP5cqvQUIBxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDIxaO7J4%2BbV8bwX4OCqaBQMyrn%2BzKNsxUgSW%2FmMgzv7vFasUUrVFZ57wvcKKg%2F92yqerJ%2Fa%2BLAicsBfrqkzMmnaK480spPVvpy7If257%2B59Do68fOXp%2FfyD5iFZGmjBSeZFHV6F0g%2FscPfrnlkTg9w6lnms%2FgMRlZu%2FvRwBFRsDTv6zSgSao%2BLsP0V8a99w0TB0NmjK8as2fSduEq1aAGBi0MjAsjnCiI7BX6C0U5qrjEVD2ug5Zv%2F9odcSFYUpNiE4twE4zSCZ4C%2F9UNPRGCHkw7qSusSgH6T1CRLGta01jbuf9cP0euHpm7PjD1R8k4fRvyrbzpaIqoNIrF3fty6OCfMaPcNEPKY%2FbdzcdWpa6uNiCVkg3D80YlscqL1R7RrWjkqKG9lsp3x7i9Unu7qVCz2psX4OGNHlFlxT85x9dOLQGhR4oty2Ip5iCYSKFNHlq8zWA8Qmju6pf5u0aAmELF51bnOmaTxjMQDFX0yKq5AKLUDfepKJXMm1W3KEu0KGI661%2B%2FiUwO6bx%2FEXodiN3UhoDhSlaWsxjNeooN05q5yPYhbiwplH9d4mXYgy4CcLt%2FHLTkAYIgYrcoMp0PQqg5Qv27duP53GQ7HhxtrqDoWX5rmktOr7zeVTqEDK8qV09fSfKFbzdUDpuuvBZU1H8f0Q6Aj9itgFa7BcKCkermDiyBeF8YYwNDTPfHQiByQy4qxlfZwf36cGcjmwCdVIe1UCvj8qvHesRU%2F9TfKvM3WVQhCTD59bEXhRncjdnQfSrL%2Fqse8Naj9saSKzxtQop%2B1bMXjMJytZY4SPf%2FPOGrJLxkQweVROV8ypA%2F2TQlfYzphwguyJMz9KzR3vUYoG%2F73%2Bwkiuq8cdrl8woh9%2FzxYBPpBiiU1KUVzyCnS3o7FLky04KKfS89zDD4urNBjqxAV6XsBlUSaXk1jU1mvFzZSTCkBQaRWV2%2F071ql6gl2b8T23WnJaTJAO4iQrWwCbK8YbvH%2Byh7WDmjWeU8WpzhsLL6Z0wcn%2FgYerjnwrpA2G6dvOW%2BYWlsEe7Q9ZmyJHGIhGIPw%2BduJ37DwdNynaZ74rH646tIApaz5Rv1AAjZpmr5uWfHPrgonXXShNnwv3Gve9yyh8cvNltmUHwFRTR%2FVmgPb%2FTQSLM8uNBH7hW68phAQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=969933f2a79fd0dcfaabf37e6d75ff86dda687ce84d5664456cda3af06b3b55d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 7.
![Geometric parameters of the honeycomb sandwich structure [37].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKBB6FQMPH%2F20260318%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260318T201815Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjED4aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDHvADvXmqYTWfoDAKGUCwg%2BBPAIYGj%2FRm7%2FL%2FLjAoDLQIgB8VLaEPQjjleWgOrdlUOHaw3kWD%2BGYTZec6Y8t%2FrP5cqvQUIBxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDIxaO7J4%2BbV8bwX4OCqaBQMyrn%2BzKNsxUgSW%2FmMgzv7vFasUUrVFZ57wvcKKg%2F92yqerJ%2Fa%2BLAicsBfrqkzMmnaK480spPVvpy7If257%2B59Do68fOXp%2FfyD5iFZGmjBSeZFHV6F0g%2FscPfrnlkTg9w6lnms%2FgMRlZu%2FvRwBFRsDTv6zSgSao%2BLsP0V8a99w0TB0NmjK8as2fSduEq1aAGBi0MjAsjnCiI7BX6C0U5qrjEVD2ug5Zv%2F9odcSFYUpNiE4twE4zSCZ4C%2F9UNPRGCHkw7qSusSgH6T1CRLGta01jbuf9cP0euHpm7PjD1R8k4fRvyrbzpaIqoNIrF3fty6OCfMaPcNEPKY%2FbdzcdWpa6uNiCVkg3D80YlscqL1R7RrWjkqKG9lsp3x7i9Unu7qVCz2psX4OGNHlFlxT85x9dOLQGhR4oty2Ip5iCYSKFNHlq8zWA8Qmju6pf5u0aAmELF51bnOmaTxjMQDFX0yKq5AKLUDfepKJXMm1W3KEu0KGI661%2B%2FiUwO6bx%2FEXodiN3UhoDhSlaWsxjNeooN05q5yPYhbiwplH9d4mXYgy4CcLt%2FHLTkAYIgYrcoMp0PQqg5Qv27duP53GQ7HhxtrqDoWX5rmktOr7zeVTqEDK8qV09fSfKFbzdUDpuuvBZU1H8f0Q6Aj9itgFa7BcKCkermDiyBeF8YYwNDTPfHQiByQy4qxlfZwf36cGcjmwCdVIe1UCvj8qvHesRU%2F9TfKvM3WVQhCTD59bEXhRncjdnQfSrL%2Fqse8Naj9saSKzxtQop%2B1bMXjMJytZY4SPf%2FPOGrJLxkQweVROV8ypA%2F2TQlfYzphwguyJMz9KzR3vUYoG%2F73%2Bwkiuq8cdrl8woh9%2FzxYBPpBiiU1KUVzyCnS3o7FLky04KKfS89zDD4urNBjqxAV6XsBlUSaXk1jU1mvFzZSTCkBQaRWV2%2F071ql6gl2b8T23WnJaTJAO4iQrWwCbK8YbvH%2Byh7WDmjWeU8WpzhsLL6Z0wcn%2FgYerjnwrpA2G6dvOW%2BYWlsEe7Q9ZmyJHGIhGIPw%2BduJ37DwdNynaZ74rH646tIApaz5Rv1AAjZpmr5uWfHPrgonXXShNnwv3Gve9yyh8cvNltmUHwFRTR%2FVmgPb%2FTQSLM8uNBH7hW68phAQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=ef50f07dd386834284d6e6afc2ce925e7d4b52f2787dea1fe49c192afa869867&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Different arrangements of the main satellite subsystems: (A) remote sensing satellite [15] and (B) Ionospheric Observation Nanosatellite Formation [16].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKBB6FQMPH%2F20260318%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260318T201815Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjED4aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDHvADvXmqYTWfoDAKGUCwg%2BBPAIYGj%2FRm7%2FL%2FLjAoDLQIgB8VLaEPQjjleWgOrdlUOHaw3kWD%2BGYTZec6Y8t%2FrP5cqvQUIBxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDIxaO7J4%2BbV8bwX4OCqaBQMyrn%2BzKNsxUgSW%2FmMgzv7vFasUUrVFZ57wvcKKg%2F92yqerJ%2Fa%2BLAicsBfrqkzMmnaK480spPVvpy7If257%2B59Do68fOXp%2FfyD5iFZGmjBSeZFHV6F0g%2FscPfrnlkTg9w6lnms%2FgMRlZu%2FvRwBFRsDTv6zSgSao%2BLsP0V8a99w0TB0NmjK8as2fSduEq1aAGBi0MjAsjnCiI7BX6C0U5qrjEVD2ug5Zv%2F9odcSFYUpNiE4twE4zSCZ4C%2F9UNPRGCHkw7qSusSgH6T1CRLGta01jbuf9cP0euHpm7PjD1R8k4fRvyrbzpaIqoNIrF3fty6OCfMaPcNEPKY%2FbdzcdWpa6uNiCVkg3D80YlscqL1R7RrWjkqKG9lsp3x7i9Unu7qVCz2psX4OGNHlFlxT85x9dOLQGhR4oty2Ip5iCYSKFNHlq8zWA8Qmju6pf5u0aAmELF51bnOmaTxjMQDFX0yKq5AKLUDfepKJXMm1W3KEu0KGI661%2B%2FiUwO6bx%2FEXodiN3UhoDhSlaWsxjNeooN05q5yPYhbiwplH9d4mXYgy4CcLt%2FHLTkAYIgYrcoMp0PQqg5Qv27duP53GQ7HhxtrqDoWX5rmktOr7zeVTqEDK8qV09fSfKFbzdUDpuuvBZU1H8f0Q6Aj9itgFa7BcKCkermDiyBeF8YYwNDTPfHQiByQy4qxlfZwf36cGcjmwCdVIe1UCvj8qvHesRU%2F9TfKvM3WVQhCTD59bEXhRncjdnQfSrL%2Fqse8Naj9saSKzxtQop%2B1bMXjMJytZY4SPf%2FPOGrJLxkQweVROV8ypA%2F2TQlfYzphwguyJMz9KzR3vUYoG%2F73%2Bwkiuq8cdrl8woh9%2FzxYBPpBiiU1KUVzyCnS3o7FLky04KKfS89zDD4urNBjqxAV6XsBlUSaXk1jU1mvFzZSTCkBQaRWV2%2F071ql6gl2b8T23WnJaTJAO4iQrWwCbK8YbvH%2Byh7WDmjWeU8WpzhsLL6Z0wcn%2FgYerjnwrpA2G6dvOW%2BYWlsEe7Q9ZmyJHGIhGIPw%2BduJ37DwdNynaZ74rH646tIApaz5Rv1AAjZpmr5uWfHPrgonXXShNnwv3Gve9yyh8cvNltmUHwFRTR%2FVmgPb%2FTQSLM8uNBH7hW68phAQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=e63fdb804492a03dce16b03b750840f838677a3b62baac4023a6a175f57d247b&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Burn wire release mechanism in contact with white holding string [17].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKBB6FQMPH%2F20260318%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260318T201815Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjED4aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDHvADvXmqYTWfoDAKGUCwg%2BBPAIYGj%2FRm7%2FL%2FLjAoDLQIgB8VLaEPQjjleWgOrdlUOHaw3kWD%2BGYTZec6Y8t%2FrP5cqvQUIBxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDIxaO7J4%2BbV8bwX4OCqaBQMyrn%2BzKNsxUgSW%2FmMgzv7vFasUUrVFZ57wvcKKg%2F92yqerJ%2Fa%2BLAicsBfrqkzMmnaK480spPVvpy7If257%2B59Do68fOXp%2FfyD5iFZGmjBSeZFHV6F0g%2FscPfrnlkTg9w6lnms%2FgMRlZu%2FvRwBFRsDTv6zSgSao%2BLsP0V8a99w0TB0NmjK8as2fSduEq1aAGBi0MjAsjnCiI7BX6C0U5qrjEVD2ug5Zv%2F9odcSFYUpNiE4twE4zSCZ4C%2F9UNPRGCHkw7qSusSgH6T1CRLGta01jbuf9cP0euHpm7PjD1R8k4fRvyrbzpaIqoNIrF3fty6OCfMaPcNEPKY%2FbdzcdWpa6uNiCVkg3D80YlscqL1R7RrWjkqKG9lsp3x7i9Unu7qVCz2psX4OGNHlFlxT85x9dOLQGhR4oty2Ip5iCYSKFNHlq8zWA8Qmju6pf5u0aAmELF51bnOmaTxjMQDFX0yKq5AKLUDfepKJXMm1W3KEu0KGI661%2B%2FiUwO6bx%2FEXodiN3UhoDhSlaWsxjNeooN05q5yPYhbiwplH9d4mXYgy4CcLt%2FHLTkAYIgYrcoMp0PQqg5Qv27duP53GQ7HhxtrqDoWX5rmktOr7zeVTqEDK8qV09fSfKFbzdUDpuuvBZU1H8f0Q6Aj9itgFa7BcKCkermDiyBeF8YYwNDTPfHQiByQy4qxlfZwf36cGcjmwCdVIe1UCvj8qvHesRU%2F9TfKvM3WVQhCTD59bEXhRncjdnQfSrL%2Fqse8Naj9saSKzxtQop%2B1bMXjMJytZY4SPf%2FPOGrJLxkQweVROV8ypA%2F2TQlfYzphwguyJMz9KzR3vUYoG%2F73%2Bwkiuq8cdrl8woh9%2FzxYBPpBiiU1KUVzyCnS3o7FLky04KKfS89zDD4urNBjqxAV6XsBlUSaXk1jU1mvFzZSTCkBQaRWV2%2F071ql6gl2b8T23WnJaTJAO4iQrWwCbK8YbvH%2Byh7WDmjWeU8WpzhsLL6Z0wcn%2FgYerjnwrpA2G6dvOW%2BYWlsEe7Q9ZmyJHGIhGIPw%2BduJ37DwdNynaZ74rH646tIApaz5Rv1AAjZpmr5uWfHPrgonXXShNnwv3Gve9yyh8cvNltmUHwFRTR%2FVmgPb%2FTQSLM8uNBH7hW68phAQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=a9d786a5c253c675184e2c2d7f5fa90cd28dd4dad8b838e723adc1e92a8fc602&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Antenna deployment mechanism: (A) deployed and (B) folded [18].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKBB6FQMPH%2F20260318%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260318T201815Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjED4aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDHvADvXmqYTWfoDAKGUCwg%2BBPAIYGj%2FRm7%2FL%2FLjAoDLQIgB8VLaEPQjjleWgOrdlUOHaw3kWD%2BGYTZec6Y8t%2FrP5cqvQUIBxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDIxaO7J4%2BbV8bwX4OCqaBQMyrn%2BzKNsxUgSW%2FmMgzv7vFasUUrVFZ57wvcKKg%2F92yqerJ%2Fa%2BLAicsBfrqkzMmnaK480spPVvpy7If257%2B59Do68fOXp%2FfyD5iFZGmjBSeZFHV6F0g%2FscPfrnlkTg9w6lnms%2FgMRlZu%2FvRwBFRsDTv6zSgSao%2BLsP0V8a99w0TB0NmjK8as2fSduEq1aAGBi0MjAsjnCiI7BX6C0U5qrjEVD2ug5Zv%2F9odcSFYUpNiE4twE4zSCZ4C%2F9UNPRGCHkw7qSusSgH6T1CRLGta01jbuf9cP0euHpm7PjD1R8k4fRvyrbzpaIqoNIrF3fty6OCfMaPcNEPKY%2FbdzcdWpa6uNiCVkg3D80YlscqL1R7RrWjkqKG9lsp3x7i9Unu7qVCz2psX4OGNHlFlxT85x9dOLQGhR4oty2Ip5iCYSKFNHlq8zWA8Qmju6pf5u0aAmELF51bnOmaTxjMQDFX0yKq5AKLUDfepKJXMm1W3KEu0KGI661%2B%2FiUwO6bx%2FEXodiN3UhoDhSlaWsxjNeooN05q5yPYhbiwplH9d4mXYgy4CcLt%2FHLTkAYIgYrcoMp0PQqg5Qv27duP53GQ7HhxtrqDoWX5rmktOr7zeVTqEDK8qV09fSfKFbzdUDpuuvBZU1H8f0Q6Aj9itgFa7BcKCkermDiyBeF8YYwNDTPfHQiByQy4qxlfZwf36cGcjmwCdVIe1UCvj8qvHesRU%2F9TfKvM3WVQhCTD59bEXhRncjdnQfSrL%2Fqse8Naj9saSKzxtQop%2B1bMXjMJytZY4SPf%2FPOGrJLxkQweVROV8ypA%2F2TQlfYzphwguyJMz9KzR3vUYoG%2F73%2Bwkiuq8cdrl8woh9%2FzxYBPpBiiU1KUVzyCnS3o7FLky04KKfS89zDD4urNBjqxAV6XsBlUSaXk1jU1mvFzZSTCkBQaRWV2%2F071ql6gl2b8T23WnJaTJAO4iQrWwCbK8YbvH%2Byh7WDmjWeU8WpzhsLL6Z0wcn%2FgYerjnwrpA2G6dvOW%2BYWlsEe7Q9ZmyJHGIhGIPw%2BduJ37DwdNynaZ74rH646tIApaz5Rv1AAjZpmr5uWfHPrgonXXShNnwv3Gve9yyh8cvNltmUHwFRTR%2FVmgPb%2FTQSLM8uNBH7hW68phAQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=9ae4017456c2ad0ac85f626a4948c31bfda8b6bf440d9349fa2ef1c8f9048bf7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Different geometries and sizes of small satellites: (A) CubeSat standardisation [20] and (B) one-unit hexagonal satellite [21] and (C) two-unit hexagonal satellite [22].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKBB6FQMPH%2F20260318%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260318T201815Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjED4aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDHvADvXmqYTWfoDAKGUCwg%2BBPAIYGj%2FRm7%2FL%2FLjAoDLQIgB8VLaEPQjjleWgOrdlUOHaw3kWD%2BGYTZec6Y8t%2FrP5cqvQUIBxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDIxaO7J4%2BbV8bwX4OCqaBQMyrn%2BzKNsxUgSW%2FmMgzv7vFasUUrVFZ57wvcKKg%2F92yqerJ%2Fa%2BLAicsBfrqkzMmnaK480spPVvpy7If257%2B59Do68fOXp%2FfyD5iFZGmjBSeZFHV6F0g%2FscPfrnlkTg9w6lnms%2FgMRlZu%2FvRwBFRsDTv6zSgSao%2BLsP0V8a99w0TB0NmjK8as2fSduEq1aAGBi0MjAsjnCiI7BX6C0U5qrjEVD2ug5Zv%2F9odcSFYUpNiE4twE4zSCZ4C%2F9UNPRGCHkw7qSusSgH6T1CRLGta01jbuf9cP0euHpm7PjD1R8k4fRvyrbzpaIqoNIrF3fty6OCfMaPcNEPKY%2FbdzcdWpa6uNiCVkg3D80YlscqL1R7RrWjkqKG9lsp3x7i9Unu7qVCz2psX4OGNHlFlxT85x9dOLQGhR4oty2Ip5iCYSKFNHlq8zWA8Qmju6pf5u0aAmELF51bnOmaTxjMQDFX0yKq5AKLUDfepKJXMm1W3KEu0KGI661%2B%2FiUwO6bx%2FEXodiN3UhoDhSlaWsxjNeooN05q5yPYhbiwplH9d4mXYgy4CcLt%2FHLTkAYIgYrcoMp0PQqg5Qv27duP53GQ7HhxtrqDoWX5rmktOr7zeVTqEDK8qV09fSfKFbzdUDpuuvBZU1H8f0Q6Aj9itgFa7BcKCkermDiyBeF8YYwNDTPfHQiByQy4qxlfZwf36cGcjmwCdVIe1UCvj8qvHesRU%2F9TfKvM3WVQhCTD59bEXhRncjdnQfSrL%2Fqse8Naj9saSKzxtQop%2B1bMXjMJytZY4SPf%2FPOGrJLxkQweVROV8ypA%2F2TQlfYzphwguyJMz9KzR3vUYoG%2F73%2Bwkiuq8cdrl8woh9%2FzxYBPpBiiU1KUVzyCnS3o7FLky04KKfS89zDD4urNBjqxAV6XsBlUSaXk1jU1mvFzZSTCkBQaRWV2%2F071ql6gl2b8T23WnJaTJAO4iQrWwCbK8YbvH%2Byh7WDmjWeU8WpzhsLL6Z0wcn%2FgYerjnwrpA2G6dvOW%2BYWlsEe7Q9ZmyJHGIhGIPw%2BduJ37DwdNynaZ74rH646tIApaz5Rv1AAjZpmr5uWfHPrgonXXShNnwv3Gve9yyh8cvNltmUHwFRTR%2FVmgPb%2FTQSLM8uNBH7hW68phAQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=042b282ae786b997fd0ad805f376f386214a01930dd0f8afe0271e2878fa20dd&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Geometric parameters of the isogrid structure, where t is the rib height, x is the rib width and z is the rib thickness [28].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKBB6FQMPH%2F20260318%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260318T201815Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjED4aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDHvADvXmqYTWfoDAKGUCwg%2BBPAIYGj%2FRm7%2FL%2FLjAoDLQIgB8VLaEPQjjleWgOrdlUOHaw3kWD%2BGYTZec6Y8t%2FrP5cqvQUIBxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDIxaO7J4%2BbV8bwX4OCqaBQMyrn%2BzKNsxUgSW%2FmMgzv7vFasUUrVFZ57wvcKKg%2F92yqerJ%2Fa%2BLAicsBfrqkzMmnaK480spPVvpy7If257%2B59Do68fOXp%2FfyD5iFZGmjBSeZFHV6F0g%2FscPfrnlkTg9w6lnms%2FgMRlZu%2FvRwBFRsDTv6zSgSao%2BLsP0V8a99w0TB0NmjK8as2fSduEq1aAGBi0MjAsjnCiI7BX6C0U5qrjEVD2ug5Zv%2F9odcSFYUpNiE4twE4zSCZ4C%2F9UNPRGCHkw7qSusSgH6T1CRLGta01jbuf9cP0euHpm7PjD1R8k4fRvyrbzpaIqoNIrF3fty6OCfMaPcNEPKY%2FbdzcdWpa6uNiCVkg3D80YlscqL1R7RrWjkqKG9lsp3x7i9Unu7qVCz2psX4OGNHlFlxT85x9dOLQGhR4oty2Ip5iCYSKFNHlq8zWA8Qmju6pf5u0aAmELF51bnOmaTxjMQDFX0yKq5AKLUDfepKJXMm1W3KEu0KGI661%2B%2FiUwO6bx%2FEXodiN3UhoDhSlaWsxjNeooN05q5yPYhbiwplH9d4mXYgy4CcLt%2FHLTkAYIgYrcoMp0PQqg5Qv27duP53GQ7HhxtrqDoWX5rmktOr7zeVTqEDK8qV09fSfKFbzdUDpuuvBZU1H8f0Q6Aj9itgFa7BcKCkermDiyBeF8YYwNDTPfHQiByQy4qxlfZwf36cGcjmwCdVIe1UCvj8qvHesRU%2F9TfKvM3WVQhCTD59bEXhRncjdnQfSrL%2Fqse8Naj9saSKzxtQop%2B1bMXjMJytZY4SPf%2FPOGrJLxkQweVROV8ypA%2F2TQlfYzphwguyJMz9KzR3vUYoG%2F73%2Bwkiuq8cdrl8woh9%2FzxYBPpBiiU1KUVzyCnS3o7FLky04KKfS89zDD4urNBjqxAV6XsBlUSaXk1jU1mvFzZSTCkBQaRWV2%2F071ql6gl2b8T23WnJaTJAO4iQrWwCbK8YbvH%2Byh7WDmjWeU8WpzhsLL6Z0wcn%2FgYerjnwrpA2G6dvOW%2BYWlsEe7Q9ZmyJHGIhGIPw%2BduJ37DwdNynaZ74rH646tIApaz5Rv1AAjZpmr5uWfHPrgonXXShNnwv3Gve9yyh8cvNltmUHwFRTR%2FVmgPb%2FTQSLM8uNBH7hW68phAQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=074af608629b8e892906a395ef31eef9181cfdf62cf5f7480ead91d0e1c65ee1&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Honeycomb sandwich panel structure [36].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKBB6FQMPH%2F20260318%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260318T201815Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjED4aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDHvADvXmqYTWfoDAKGUCwg%2BBPAIYGj%2FRm7%2FL%2FLjAoDLQIgB8VLaEPQjjleWgOrdlUOHaw3kWD%2BGYTZec6Y8t%2FrP5cqvQUIBxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDIxaO7J4%2BbV8bwX4OCqaBQMyrn%2BzKNsxUgSW%2FmMgzv7vFasUUrVFZ57wvcKKg%2F92yqerJ%2Fa%2BLAicsBfrqkzMmnaK480spPVvpy7If257%2B59Do68fOXp%2FfyD5iFZGmjBSeZFHV6F0g%2FscPfrnlkTg9w6lnms%2FgMRlZu%2FvRwBFRsDTv6zSgSao%2BLsP0V8a99w0TB0NmjK8as2fSduEq1aAGBi0MjAsjnCiI7BX6C0U5qrjEVD2ug5Zv%2F9odcSFYUpNiE4twE4zSCZ4C%2F9UNPRGCHkw7qSusSgH6T1CRLGta01jbuf9cP0euHpm7PjD1R8k4fRvyrbzpaIqoNIrF3fty6OCfMaPcNEPKY%2FbdzcdWpa6uNiCVkg3D80YlscqL1R7RrWjkqKG9lsp3x7i9Unu7qVCz2psX4OGNHlFlxT85x9dOLQGhR4oty2Ip5iCYSKFNHlq8zWA8Qmju6pf5u0aAmELF51bnOmaTxjMQDFX0yKq5AKLUDfepKJXMm1W3KEu0KGI661%2B%2FiUwO6bx%2FEXodiN3UhoDhSlaWsxjNeooN05q5yPYhbiwplH9d4mXYgy4CcLt%2FHLTkAYIgYrcoMp0PQqg5Qv27duP53GQ7HhxtrqDoWX5rmktOr7zeVTqEDK8qV09fSfKFbzdUDpuuvBZU1H8f0Q6Aj9itgFa7BcKCkermDiyBeF8YYwNDTPfHQiByQy4qxlfZwf36cGcjmwCdVIe1UCvj8qvHesRU%2F9TfKvM3WVQhCTD59bEXhRncjdnQfSrL%2Fqse8Naj9saSKzxtQop%2B1bMXjMJytZY4SPf%2FPOGrJLxkQweVROV8ypA%2F2TQlfYzphwguyJMz9KzR3vUYoG%2F73%2Bwkiuq8cdrl8woh9%2FzxYBPpBiiU1KUVzyCnS3o7FLky04KKfS89zDD4urNBjqxAV6XsBlUSaXk1jU1mvFzZSTCkBQaRWV2%2F071ql6gl2b8T23WnJaTJAO4iQrWwCbK8YbvH%2Byh7WDmjWeU8WpzhsLL6Z0wcn%2FgYerjnwrpA2G6dvOW%2BYWlsEe7Q9ZmyJHGIhGIPw%2BduJ37DwdNynaZ74rH646tIApaz5Rv1AAjZpmr5uWfHPrgonXXShNnwv3Gve9yyh8cvNltmUHwFRTR%2FVmgPb%2FTQSLM8uNBH7hW68phAQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=969933f2a79fd0dcfaabf37e6d75ff86dda687ce84d5664456cda3af06b3b55d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Geometric parameters of the honeycomb sandwich structure [37].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKBB6FQMPH%2F20260318%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260318T201815Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjED4aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDHvADvXmqYTWfoDAKGUCwg%2BBPAIYGj%2FRm7%2FL%2FLjAoDLQIgB8VLaEPQjjleWgOrdlUOHaw3kWD%2BGYTZec6Y8t%2FrP5cqvQUIBxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDIxaO7J4%2BbV8bwX4OCqaBQMyrn%2BzKNsxUgSW%2FmMgzv7vFasUUrVFZ57wvcKKg%2F92yqerJ%2Fa%2BLAicsBfrqkzMmnaK480spPVvpy7If257%2B59Do68fOXp%2FfyD5iFZGmjBSeZFHV6F0g%2FscPfrnlkTg9w6lnms%2FgMRlZu%2FvRwBFRsDTv6zSgSao%2BLsP0V8a99w0TB0NmjK8as2fSduEq1aAGBi0MjAsjnCiI7BX6C0U5qrjEVD2ug5Zv%2F9odcSFYUpNiE4twE4zSCZ4C%2F9UNPRGCHkw7qSusSgH6T1CRLGta01jbuf9cP0euHpm7PjD1R8k4fRvyrbzpaIqoNIrF3fty6OCfMaPcNEPKY%2FbdzcdWpa6uNiCVkg3D80YlscqL1R7RrWjkqKG9lsp3x7i9Unu7qVCz2psX4OGNHlFlxT85x9dOLQGhR4oty2Ip5iCYSKFNHlq8zWA8Qmju6pf5u0aAmELF51bnOmaTxjMQDFX0yKq5AKLUDfepKJXMm1W3KEu0KGI661%2B%2FiUwO6bx%2FEXodiN3UhoDhSlaWsxjNeooN05q5yPYhbiwplH9d4mXYgy4CcLt%2FHLTkAYIgYrcoMp0PQqg5Qv27duP53GQ7HhxtrqDoWX5rmktOr7zeVTqEDK8qV09fSfKFbzdUDpuuvBZU1H8f0Q6Aj9itgFa7BcKCkermDiyBeF8YYwNDTPfHQiByQy4qxlfZwf36cGcjmwCdVIe1UCvj8qvHesRU%2F9TfKvM3WVQhCTD59bEXhRncjdnQfSrL%2Fqse8Naj9saSKzxtQop%2B1bMXjMJytZY4SPf%2FPOGrJLxkQweVROV8ypA%2F2TQlfYzphwguyJMz9KzR3vUYoG%2F73%2Bwkiuq8cdrl8woh9%2FzxYBPpBiiU1KUVzyCnS3o7FLky04KKfS89zDD4urNBjqxAV6XsBlUSaXk1jU1mvFzZSTCkBQaRWV2%2F071ql6gl2b8T23WnJaTJAO4iQrWwCbK8YbvH%2Byh7WDmjWeU8WpzhsLL6Z0wcn%2FgYerjnwrpA2G6dvOW%2BYWlsEe7Q9ZmyJHGIhGIPw%2BduJ37DwdNynaZ74rH646tIApaz5Rv1AAjZpmr5uWfHPrgonXXShNnwv3Gve9yyh8cvNltmUHwFRTR%2FVmgPb%2FTQSLM8uNBH7hW68phAQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=ef50f07dd386834284d6e6afc2ce925e7d4b52f2787dea1fe49c192afa869867&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
© 2023 Reham Reda, Yasmeen Ahmed, Islam Magdy, Hossam Nabil, Mennatullah Khamis, Ahmed Refaey, Nada Eldabaa, Manar Abo Elmagd, Mohamed Abo Lila, Hady Ergawy, Alhussein Elgarf, Gerges Abed, published by ŁUKASIEWICZ RESEARCH NETWORK – INSTITUTE OF AVIATION
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.