Figure 1.
![Different arrangements of the main satellite subsystems: (A) remote sensing satellite [15] and (B) Ionospheric Observation Nanosatellite Formation [16].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251205%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251205T173239Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=40b4c531b05cc8a690766d174c6653f29cbbcd23e45fc6285207593bda17e7ad&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2.
![Burn wire release mechanism in contact with white holding string [17].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251205%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251205T173239Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=b24fb11d4fd4f7e92168e62cbcadce5f15a87e9d65134d04da2b64999d13cb03&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3.
![Antenna deployment mechanism: (A) deployed and (B) folded [18].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251205%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251205T173239Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=29025a7e070956ff605d094ec9b263bd521d5678f81a0267744b7fc0ea6dbea5&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4.
![Different geometries and sizes of small satellites: (A) CubeSat standardisation [20] and (B) one-unit hexagonal satellite [21] and (C) two-unit hexagonal satellite [22].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251205%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251205T173239Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=df1b55628f4a74492362b89ff89f0d7612f3ac2423e99d680183f2e436a66255&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 5.
![Geometric parameters of the isogrid structure, where t is the rib height, x is the rib width and z is the rib thickness [28].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251205%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251205T173239Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=279fcb3b5eda56ac282cfc2ac06926a52a4027c45abb01d74ba0f9bb993d4c7a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 6.
![Honeycomb sandwich panel structure [36].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251205%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251205T173239Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=c487a23d0375975e4443469336fe071dc1d1ccfac29ca42e213fd310e4072b2c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 7.
![Geometric parameters of the honeycomb sandwich structure [37].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251205%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251205T173239Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=b01289329d8de9d83cc0f7f4a6b2c86eb786a2bdf61f625bbbc72a461ba9a772&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Different arrangements of the main satellite subsystems: (A) remote sensing satellite [15] and (B) Ionospheric Observation Nanosatellite Formation [16].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251205%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251205T173239Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=40b4c531b05cc8a690766d174c6653f29cbbcd23e45fc6285207593bda17e7ad&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Burn wire release mechanism in contact with white holding string [17].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251205%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251205T173239Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=b24fb11d4fd4f7e92168e62cbcadce5f15a87e9d65134d04da2b64999d13cb03&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Antenna deployment mechanism: (A) deployed and (B) folded [18].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251205%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251205T173239Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=29025a7e070956ff605d094ec9b263bd521d5678f81a0267744b7fc0ea6dbea5&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Different geometries and sizes of small satellites: (A) CubeSat standardisation [20] and (B) one-unit hexagonal satellite [21] and (C) two-unit hexagonal satellite [22].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251205%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251205T173239Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=df1b55628f4a74492362b89ff89f0d7612f3ac2423e99d680183f2e436a66255&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Geometric parameters of the isogrid structure, where t is the rib height, x is the rib width and z is the rib thickness [28].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251205%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251205T173239Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=279fcb3b5eda56ac282cfc2ac06926a52a4027c45abb01d74ba0f9bb993d4c7a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Honeycomb sandwich panel structure [36].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251205%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251205T173239Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=c487a23d0375975e4443469336fe071dc1d1ccfac29ca42e213fd310e4072b2c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Geometric parameters of the honeycomb sandwich structure [37].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251205%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251205T173239Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=b01289329d8de9d83cc0f7f4a6b2c86eb786a2bdf61f625bbbc72a461ba9a772&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
© 2023 Reham Reda, Yasmeen Ahmed, Islam Magdy, Hossam Nabil, Mennatullah Khamis, Ahmed Refaey, Nada Eldabaa, Manar Abo Elmagd, Mohamed Abo Lila, Hady Ergawy, Alhussein Elgarf, Gerges Abed, published by ŁUKASIEWICZ RESEARCH NETWORK – INSTITUTE OF AVIATION
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.