Figure 1.
![Different arrangements of the main satellite subsystems: (A) remote sensing satellite [15] and (B) Ionospheric Observation Nanosatellite Formation [16].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL2UQRJUC%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T192456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCqSdvwsUKs6ABCYM3EgXc7IJATBK43Qbt54rv%2B8Vk3zwIga8z%2Fa20EeoQq7ALFJ%2FzBKFbd8oiYoexQ9LNvgqgPKSgqvAUIPhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDKAtNkcE9fzscbCwRSqZBYUJJFglZL5Ad%2FdejvZyK0ezSJkkYzld3n1qArWr5VP2JqVsf5TmTirT2K2%2FOGVz7%2FiyKqP5bGr8bYdplChZBwTKqxi4DwftRah0Eh%2B%2FF7sytb9iwAxnKaTe3hpyWCbnbmcAa3TxhllWT01WIJrTBBxI10SiIDLyxAcOxlI%2BmkK8ya9clmkXPsNtngUP%2F54zefiU3xcCWWbYS9AJsEWrwD4f3HTVUhi1b6h4Zu%2BZ9EgBPscRe2GbBT90V7QgztLEy%2F%2BgToJhag7WiDtm6feAgGfVUOkuVFhEzkuHES7QyOuGX8Xb6ARjSaPu5QcmL7%2F33zNbUF%2F%2B0u6BaT%2B4THCfo4XXsRzCBx%2Bcnlfli9OK9nDdGg89CQel41Bsfi5Ol44zM7S2ZtD%2BrCEcpbIGX91zpjauOCb8ybEb76oRKEeWHjCH%2B358RwcSqecVKnJHVyn91CvNifaolQQMKm8xC86nWeiqjs9NL9MupXLdf%2B%2F1ZHsT185nIbI4GmYrmDlZVshC%2BKLDA3xwFnghuMZKs0VLkqf%2BGmQ9JIUf4QcamDJJDC5ytJjFbSbfUd9Vibb%2BuliqfopeWUlKTJ7f%2B8pw4HBFF5McwfdaT2qZYNNvcAbJz9bWNb%2FevQNsrffQayz4xsXeCPBUsW66InjrmmDQHJGVIcnzAdZQe%2FAvWpOZL74q8Vo0VZZIypTA%2FEOpWRV8vBd9Y9S1KEe6u%2FbptdEn3oetBT3RBCXidAExbCRTCzcJxcH6YnWkRk%2F31p9rKmhub1CstKh6kF85HzmO34OrZuZrQJYjFNLJCVWqVfm0gqg%2BFZmmgKxeAZn6ja3hg11dUeQv%2F4HF2aQ9OPaY83%2FA0mIw3xaX4OSmg%2FYsa279p9IZ9WVdPG%2FhZsbqQwYoMIXP3csGOrEBRGwHEL8yNVY221MXA1GX1A28QpAduAiWmBUu6ZRi39cisgpcmOwP%2FGSJuFtsd8l%2Bxm7uw71CmRn7v5cgObKmbm9IKXIZ2GJfy4gRrnqb5unEY7ez%2BDu5A3pn5KTsHCPMK8h5y0Oaa5IZfdiezgNG1M%2BkHACtTTM6wmwCKjIUfarabvplAnn3IJPL3aI5sY0aSZLFZ2Ya53PGQ2HmNR%2BlOsiFnFnkNwj4%2FWWz20WlBIiP&X-Amz-Signature=9a358b0682a7ee5e1c9751c6b61641db07afecc73b80649000c95371eb0c6db8&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2.
![Burn wire release mechanism in contact with white holding string [17].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL2UQRJUC%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T192456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCqSdvwsUKs6ABCYM3EgXc7IJATBK43Qbt54rv%2B8Vk3zwIga8z%2Fa20EeoQq7ALFJ%2FzBKFbd8oiYoexQ9LNvgqgPKSgqvAUIPhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDKAtNkcE9fzscbCwRSqZBYUJJFglZL5Ad%2FdejvZyK0ezSJkkYzld3n1qArWr5VP2JqVsf5TmTirT2K2%2FOGVz7%2FiyKqP5bGr8bYdplChZBwTKqxi4DwftRah0Eh%2B%2FF7sytb9iwAxnKaTe3hpyWCbnbmcAa3TxhllWT01WIJrTBBxI10SiIDLyxAcOxlI%2BmkK8ya9clmkXPsNtngUP%2F54zefiU3xcCWWbYS9AJsEWrwD4f3HTVUhi1b6h4Zu%2BZ9EgBPscRe2GbBT90V7QgztLEy%2F%2BgToJhag7WiDtm6feAgGfVUOkuVFhEzkuHES7QyOuGX8Xb6ARjSaPu5QcmL7%2F33zNbUF%2F%2B0u6BaT%2B4THCfo4XXsRzCBx%2Bcnlfli9OK9nDdGg89CQel41Bsfi5Ol44zM7S2ZtD%2BrCEcpbIGX91zpjauOCb8ybEb76oRKEeWHjCH%2B358RwcSqecVKnJHVyn91CvNifaolQQMKm8xC86nWeiqjs9NL9MupXLdf%2B%2F1ZHsT185nIbI4GmYrmDlZVshC%2BKLDA3xwFnghuMZKs0VLkqf%2BGmQ9JIUf4QcamDJJDC5ytJjFbSbfUd9Vibb%2BuliqfopeWUlKTJ7f%2B8pw4HBFF5McwfdaT2qZYNNvcAbJz9bWNb%2FevQNsrffQayz4xsXeCPBUsW66InjrmmDQHJGVIcnzAdZQe%2FAvWpOZL74q8Vo0VZZIypTA%2FEOpWRV8vBd9Y9S1KEe6u%2FbptdEn3oetBT3RBCXidAExbCRTCzcJxcH6YnWkRk%2F31p9rKmhub1CstKh6kF85HzmO34OrZuZrQJYjFNLJCVWqVfm0gqg%2BFZmmgKxeAZn6ja3hg11dUeQv%2F4HF2aQ9OPaY83%2FA0mIw3xaX4OSmg%2FYsa279p9IZ9WVdPG%2FhZsbqQwYoMIXP3csGOrEBRGwHEL8yNVY221MXA1GX1A28QpAduAiWmBUu6ZRi39cisgpcmOwP%2FGSJuFtsd8l%2Bxm7uw71CmRn7v5cgObKmbm9IKXIZ2GJfy4gRrnqb5unEY7ez%2BDu5A3pn5KTsHCPMK8h5y0Oaa5IZfdiezgNG1M%2BkHACtTTM6wmwCKjIUfarabvplAnn3IJPL3aI5sY0aSZLFZ2Ya53PGQ2HmNR%2BlOsiFnFnkNwj4%2FWWz20WlBIiP&X-Amz-Signature=cc7e09881536cb03273cfa6118e9c4ef395e635922eaadad8196dfdc2d8f7544&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3.
![Antenna deployment mechanism: (A) deployed and (B) folded [18].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL2UQRJUC%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T192456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCqSdvwsUKs6ABCYM3EgXc7IJATBK43Qbt54rv%2B8Vk3zwIga8z%2Fa20EeoQq7ALFJ%2FzBKFbd8oiYoexQ9LNvgqgPKSgqvAUIPhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDKAtNkcE9fzscbCwRSqZBYUJJFglZL5Ad%2FdejvZyK0ezSJkkYzld3n1qArWr5VP2JqVsf5TmTirT2K2%2FOGVz7%2FiyKqP5bGr8bYdplChZBwTKqxi4DwftRah0Eh%2B%2FF7sytb9iwAxnKaTe3hpyWCbnbmcAa3TxhllWT01WIJrTBBxI10SiIDLyxAcOxlI%2BmkK8ya9clmkXPsNtngUP%2F54zefiU3xcCWWbYS9AJsEWrwD4f3HTVUhi1b6h4Zu%2BZ9EgBPscRe2GbBT90V7QgztLEy%2F%2BgToJhag7WiDtm6feAgGfVUOkuVFhEzkuHES7QyOuGX8Xb6ARjSaPu5QcmL7%2F33zNbUF%2F%2B0u6BaT%2B4THCfo4XXsRzCBx%2Bcnlfli9OK9nDdGg89CQel41Bsfi5Ol44zM7S2ZtD%2BrCEcpbIGX91zpjauOCb8ybEb76oRKEeWHjCH%2B358RwcSqecVKnJHVyn91CvNifaolQQMKm8xC86nWeiqjs9NL9MupXLdf%2B%2F1ZHsT185nIbI4GmYrmDlZVshC%2BKLDA3xwFnghuMZKs0VLkqf%2BGmQ9JIUf4QcamDJJDC5ytJjFbSbfUd9Vibb%2BuliqfopeWUlKTJ7f%2B8pw4HBFF5McwfdaT2qZYNNvcAbJz9bWNb%2FevQNsrffQayz4xsXeCPBUsW66InjrmmDQHJGVIcnzAdZQe%2FAvWpOZL74q8Vo0VZZIypTA%2FEOpWRV8vBd9Y9S1KEe6u%2FbptdEn3oetBT3RBCXidAExbCRTCzcJxcH6YnWkRk%2F31p9rKmhub1CstKh6kF85HzmO34OrZuZrQJYjFNLJCVWqVfm0gqg%2BFZmmgKxeAZn6ja3hg11dUeQv%2F4HF2aQ9OPaY83%2FA0mIw3xaX4OSmg%2FYsa279p9IZ9WVdPG%2FhZsbqQwYoMIXP3csGOrEBRGwHEL8yNVY221MXA1GX1A28QpAduAiWmBUu6ZRi39cisgpcmOwP%2FGSJuFtsd8l%2Bxm7uw71CmRn7v5cgObKmbm9IKXIZ2GJfy4gRrnqb5unEY7ez%2BDu5A3pn5KTsHCPMK8h5y0Oaa5IZfdiezgNG1M%2BkHACtTTM6wmwCKjIUfarabvplAnn3IJPL3aI5sY0aSZLFZ2Ya53PGQ2HmNR%2BlOsiFnFnkNwj4%2FWWz20WlBIiP&X-Amz-Signature=1c5127b185f062cb20b7da362867d5c168caf0563aedbc4fbdecbd5f739e09d3&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4.
![Different geometries and sizes of small satellites: (A) CubeSat standardisation [20] and (B) one-unit hexagonal satellite [21] and (C) two-unit hexagonal satellite [22].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL2UQRJUC%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T192456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCqSdvwsUKs6ABCYM3EgXc7IJATBK43Qbt54rv%2B8Vk3zwIga8z%2Fa20EeoQq7ALFJ%2FzBKFbd8oiYoexQ9LNvgqgPKSgqvAUIPhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDKAtNkcE9fzscbCwRSqZBYUJJFglZL5Ad%2FdejvZyK0ezSJkkYzld3n1qArWr5VP2JqVsf5TmTirT2K2%2FOGVz7%2FiyKqP5bGr8bYdplChZBwTKqxi4DwftRah0Eh%2B%2FF7sytb9iwAxnKaTe3hpyWCbnbmcAa3TxhllWT01WIJrTBBxI10SiIDLyxAcOxlI%2BmkK8ya9clmkXPsNtngUP%2F54zefiU3xcCWWbYS9AJsEWrwD4f3HTVUhi1b6h4Zu%2BZ9EgBPscRe2GbBT90V7QgztLEy%2F%2BgToJhag7WiDtm6feAgGfVUOkuVFhEzkuHES7QyOuGX8Xb6ARjSaPu5QcmL7%2F33zNbUF%2F%2B0u6BaT%2B4THCfo4XXsRzCBx%2Bcnlfli9OK9nDdGg89CQel41Bsfi5Ol44zM7S2ZtD%2BrCEcpbIGX91zpjauOCb8ybEb76oRKEeWHjCH%2B358RwcSqecVKnJHVyn91CvNifaolQQMKm8xC86nWeiqjs9NL9MupXLdf%2B%2F1ZHsT185nIbI4GmYrmDlZVshC%2BKLDA3xwFnghuMZKs0VLkqf%2BGmQ9JIUf4QcamDJJDC5ytJjFbSbfUd9Vibb%2BuliqfopeWUlKTJ7f%2B8pw4HBFF5McwfdaT2qZYNNvcAbJz9bWNb%2FevQNsrffQayz4xsXeCPBUsW66InjrmmDQHJGVIcnzAdZQe%2FAvWpOZL74q8Vo0VZZIypTA%2FEOpWRV8vBd9Y9S1KEe6u%2FbptdEn3oetBT3RBCXidAExbCRTCzcJxcH6YnWkRk%2F31p9rKmhub1CstKh6kF85HzmO34OrZuZrQJYjFNLJCVWqVfm0gqg%2BFZmmgKxeAZn6ja3hg11dUeQv%2F4HF2aQ9OPaY83%2FA0mIw3xaX4OSmg%2FYsa279p9IZ9WVdPG%2FhZsbqQwYoMIXP3csGOrEBRGwHEL8yNVY221MXA1GX1A28QpAduAiWmBUu6ZRi39cisgpcmOwP%2FGSJuFtsd8l%2Bxm7uw71CmRn7v5cgObKmbm9IKXIZ2GJfy4gRrnqb5unEY7ez%2BDu5A3pn5KTsHCPMK8h5y0Oaa5IZfdiezgNG1M%2BkHACtTTM6wmwCKjIUfarabvplAnn3IJPL3aI5sY0aSZLFZ2Ya53PGQ2HmNR%2BlOsiFnFnkNwj4%2FWWz20WlBIiP&X-Amz-Signature=2d8bdbf8e9e798a772286cd392ec0816b5f17c9474fedde764bd3f6e77105133&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 5.
![Geometric parameters of the isogrid structure, where t is the rib height, x is the rib width and z is the rib thickness [28].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL2UQRJUC%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T192456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCqSdvwsUKs6ABCYM3EgXc7IJATBK43Qbt54rv%2B8Vk3zwIga8z%2Fa20EeoQq7ALFJ%2FzBKFbd8oiYoexQ9LNvgqgPKSgqvAUIPhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDKAtNkcE9fzscbCwRSqZBYUJJFglZL5Ad%2FdejvZyK0ezSJkkYzld3n1qArWr5VP2JqVsf5TmTirT2K2%2FOGVz7%2FiyKqP5bGr8bYdplChZBwTKqxi4DwftRah0Eh%2B%2FF7sytb9iwAxnKaTe3hpyWCbnbmcAa3TxhllWT01WIJrTBBxI10SiIDLyxAcOxlI%2BmkK8ya9clmkXPsNtngUP%2F54zefiU3xcCWWbYS9AJsEWrwD4f3HTVUhi1b6h4Zu%2BZ9EgBPscRe2GbBT90V7QgztLEy%2F%2BgToJhag7WiDtm6feAgGfVUOkuVFhEzkuHES7QyOuGX8Xb6ARjSaPu5QcmL7%2F33zNbUF%2F%2B0u6BaT%2B4THCfo4XXsRzCBx%2Bcnlfli9OK9nDdGg89CQel41Bsfi5Ol44zM7S2ZtD%2BrCEcpbIGX91zpjauOCb8ybEb76oRKEeWHjCH%2B358RwcSqecVKnJHVyn91CvNifaolQQMKm8xC86nWeiqjs9NL9MupXLdf%2B%2F1ZHsT185nIbI4GmYrmDlZVshC%2BKLDA3xwFnghuMZKs0VLkqf%2BGmQ9JIUf4QcamDJJDC5ytJjFbSbfUd9Vibb%2BuliqfopeWUlKTJ7f%2B8pw4HBFF5McwfdaT2qZYNNvcAbJz9bWNb%2FevQNsrffQayz4xsXeCPBUsW66InjrmmDQHJGVIcnzAdZQe%2FAvWpOZL74q8Vo0VZZIypTA%2FEOpWRV8vBd9Y9S1KEe6u%2FbptdEn3oetBT3RBCXidAExbCRTCzcJxcH6YnWkRk%2F31p9rKmhub1CstKh6kF85HzmO34OrZuZrQJYjFNLJCVWqVfm0gqg%2BFZmmgKxeAZn6ja3hg11dUeQv%2F4HF2aQ9OPaY83%2FA0mIw3xaX4OSmg%2FYsa279p9IZ9WVdPG%2FhZsbqQwYoMIXP3csGOrEBRGwHEL8yNVY221MXA1GX1A28QpAduAiWmBUu6ZRi39cisgpcmOwP%2FGSJuFtsd8l%2Bxm7uw71CmRn7v5cgObKmbm9IKXIZ2GJfy4gRrnqb5unEY7ez%2BDu5A3pn5KTsHCPMK8h5y0Oaa5IZfdiezgNG1M%2BkHACtTTM6wmwCKjIUfarabvplAnn3IJPL3aI5sY0aSZLFZ2Ya53PGQ2HmNR%2BlOsiFnFnkNwj4%2FWWz20WlBIiP&X-Amz-Signature=77d5821de9c94cd39452ce915509d6e31f0d83b876758cbeb4c9ff4eacbc3692&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 6.
![Honeycomb sandwich panel structure [36].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL2UQRJUC%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T192456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCqSdvwsUKs6ABCYM3EgXc7IJATBK43Qbt54rv%2B8Vk3zwIga8z%2Fa20EeoQq7ALFJ%2FzBKFbd8oiYoexQ9LNvgqgPKSgqvAUIPhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDKAtNkcE9fzscbCwRSqZBYUJJFglZL5Ad%2FdejvZyK0ezSJkkYzld3n1qArWr5VP2JqVsf5TmTirT2K2%2FOGVz7%2FiyKqP5bGr8bYdplChZBwTKqxi4DwftRah0Eh%2B%2FF7sytb9iwAxnKaTe3hpyWCbnbmcAa3TxhllWT01WIJrTBBxI10SiIDLyxAcOxlI%2BmkK8ya9clmkXPsNtngUP%2F54zefiU3xcCWWbYS9AJsEWrwD4f3HTVUhi1b6h4Zu%2BZ9EgBPscRe2GbBT90V7QgztLEy%2F%2BgToJhag7WiDtm6feAgGfVUOkuVFhEzkuHES7QyOuGX8Xb6ARjSaPu5QcmL7%2F33zNbUF%2F%2B0u6BaT%2B4THCfo4XXsRzCBx%2Bcnlfli9OK9nDdGg89CQel41Bsfi5Ol44zM7S2ZtD%2BrCEcpbIGX91zpjauOCb8ybEb76oRKEeWHjCH%2B358RwcSqecVKnJHVyn91CvNifaolQQMKm8xC86nWeiqjs9NL9MupXLdf%2B%2F1ZHsT185nIbI4GmYrmDlZVshC%2BKLDA3xwFnghuMZKs0VLkqf%2BGmQ9JIUf4QcamDJJDC5ytJjFbSbfUd9Vibb%2BuliqfopeWUlKTJ7f%2B8pw4HBFF5McwfdaT2qZYNNvcAbJz9bWNb%2FevQNsrffQayz4xsXeCPBUsW66InjrmmDQHJGVIcnzAdZQe%2FAvWpOZL74q8Vo0VZZIypTA%2FEOpWRV8vBd9Y9S1KEe6u%2FbptdEn3oetBT3RBCXidAExbCRTCzcJxcH6YnWkRk%2F31p9rKmhub1CstKh6kF85HzmO34OrZuZrQJYjFNLJCVWqVfm0gqg%2BFZmmgKxeAZn6ja3hg11dUeQv%2F4HF2aQ9OPaY83%2FA0mIw3xaX4OSmg%2FYsa279p9IZ9WVdPG%2FhZsbqQwYoMIXP3csGOrEBRGwHEL8yNVY221MXA1GX1A28QpAduAiWmBUu6ZRi39cisgpcmOwP%2FGSJuFtsd8l%2Bxm7uw71CmRn7v5cgObKmbm9IKXIZ2GJfy4gRrnqb5unEY7ez%2BDu5A3pn5KTsHCPMK8h5y0Oaa5IZfdiezgNG1M%2BkHACtTTM6wmwCKjIUfarabvplAnn3IJPL3aI5sY0aSZLFZ2Ya53PGQ2HmNR%2BlOsiFnFnkNwj4%2FWWz20WlBIiP&X-Amz-Signature=90fdabcbba2150aad0e4e365ae6f7f44e7a530beb9e7ee273a4e553c6da16db4&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 7.
![Geometric parameters of the honeycomb sandwich structure [37].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL2UQRJUC%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T192456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCqSdvwsUKs6ABCYM3EgXc7IJATBK43Qbt54rv%2B8Vk3zwIga8z%2Fa20EeoQq7ALFJ%2FzBKFbd8oiYoexQ9LNvgqgPKSgqvAUIPhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDKAtNkcE9fzscbCwRSqZBYUJJFglZL5Ad%2FdejvZyK0ezSJkkYzld3n1qArWr5VP2JqVsf5TmTirT2K2%2FOGVz7%2FiyKqP5bGr8bYdplChZBwTKqxi4DwftRah0Eh%2B%2FF7sytb9iwAxnKaTe3hpyWCbnbmcAa3TxhllWT01WIJrTBBxI10SiIDLyxAcOxlI%2BmkK8ya9clmkXPsNtngUP%2F54zefiU3xcCWWbYS9AJsEWrwD4f3HTVUhi1b6h4Zu%2BZ9EgBPscRe2GbBT90V7QgztLEy%2F%2BgToJhag7WiDtm6feAgGfVUOkuVFhEzkuHES7QyOuGX8Xb6ARjSaPu5QcmL7%2F33zNbUF%2F%2B0u6BaT%2B4THCfo4XXsRzCBx%2Bcnlfli9OK9nDdGg89CQel41Bsfi5Ol44zM7S2ZtD%2BrCEcpbIGX91zpjauOCb8ybEb76oRKEeWHjCH%2B358RwcSqecVKnJHVyn91CvNifaolQQMKm8xC86nWeiqjs9NL9MupXLdf%2B%2F1ZHsT185nIbI4GmYrmDlZVshC%2BKLDA3xwFnghuMZKs0VLkqf%2BGmQ9JIUf4QcamDJJDC5ytJjFbSbfUd9Vibb%2BuliqfopeWUlKTJ7f%2B8pw4HBFF5McwfdaT2qZYNNvcAbJz9bWNb%2FevQNsrffQayz4xsXeCPBUsW66InjrmmDQHJGVIcnzAdZQe%2FAvWpOZL74q8Vo0VZZIypTA%2FEOpWRV8vBd9Y9S1KEe6u%2FbptdEn3oetBT3RBCXidAExbCRTCzcJxcH6YnWkRk%2F31p9rKmhub1CstKh6kF85HzmO34OrZuZrQJYjFNLJCVWqVfm0gqg%2BFZmmgKxeAZn6ja3hg11dUeQv%2F4HF2aQ9OPaY83%2FA0mIw3xaX4OSmg%2FYsa279p9IZ9WVdPG%2FhZsbqQwYoMIXP3csGOrEBRGwHEL8yNVY221MXA1GX1A28QpAduAiWmBUu6ZRi39cisgpcmOwP%2FGSJuFtsd8l%2Bxm7uw71CmRn7v5cgObKmbm9IKXIZ2GJfy4gRrnqb5unEY7ez%2BDu5A3pn5KTsHCPMK8h5y0Oaa5IZfdiezgNG1M%2BkHACtTTM6wmwCKjIUfarabvplAnn3IJPL3aI5sY0aSZLFZ2Ya53PGQ2HmNR%2BlOsiFnFnkNwj4%2FWWz20WlBIiP&X-Amz-Signature=416de9ca2004ec63a0246c00bd2dbf783d5f2ed997dd66efb3e5f17213480516&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Different arrangements of the main satellite subsystems: (A) remote sensing satellite [15] and (B) Ionospheric Observation Nanosatellite Formation [16].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL2UQRJUC%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T192456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCqSdvwsUKs6ABCYM3EgXc7IJATBK43Qbt54rv%2B8Vk3zwIga8z%2Fa20EeoQq7ALFJ%2FzBKFbd8oiYoexQ9LNvgqgPKSgqvAUIPhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDKAtNkcE9fzscbCwRSqZBYUJJFglZL5Ad%2FdejvZyK0ezSJkkYzld3n1qArWr5VP2JqVsf5TmTirT2K2%2FOGVz7%2FiyKqP5bGr8bYdplChZBwTKqxi4DwftRah0Eh%2B%2FF7sytb9iwAxnKaTe3hpyWCbnbmcAa3TxhllWT01WIJrTBBxI10SiIDLyxAcOxlI%2BmkK8ya9clmkXPsNtngUP%2F54zefiU3xcCWWbYS9AJsEWrwD4f3HTVUhi1b6h4Zu%2BZ9EgBPscRe2GbBT90V7QgztLEy%2F%2BgToJhag7WiDtm6feAgGfVUOkuVFhEzkuHES7QyOuGX8Xb6ARjSaPu5QcmL7%2F33zNbUF%2F%2B0u6BaT%2B4THCfo4XXsRzCBx%2Bcnlfli9OK9nDdGg89CQel41Bsfi5Ol44zM7S2ZtD%2BrCEcpbIGX91zpjauOCb8ybEb76oRKEeWHjCH%2B358RwcSqecVKnJHVyn91CvNifaolQQMKm8xC86nWeiqjs9NL9MupXLdf%2B%2F1ZHsT185nIbI4GmYrmDlZVshC%2BKLDA3xwFnghuMZKs0VLkqf%2BGmQ9JIUf4QcamDJJDC5ytJjFbSbfUd9Vibb%2BuliqfopeWUlKTJ7f%2B8pw4HBFF5McwfdaT2qZYNNvcAbJz9bWNb%2FevQNsrffQayz4xsXeCPBUsW66InjrmmDQHJGVIcnzAdZQe%2FAvWpOZL74q8Vo0VZZIypTA%2FEOpWRV8vBd9Y9S1KEe6u%2FbptdEn3oetBT3RBCXidAExbCRTCzcJxcH6YnWkRk%2F31p9rKmhub1CstKh6kF85HzmO34OrZuZrQJYjFNLJCVWqVfm0gqg%2BFZmmgKxeAZn6ja3hg11dUeQv%2F4HF2aQ9OPaY83%2FA0mIw3xaX4OSmg%2FYsa279p9IZ9WVdPG%2FhZsbqQwYoMIXP3csGOrEBRGwHEL8yNVY221MXA1GX1A28QpAduAiWmBUu6ZRi39cisgpcmOwP%2FGSJuFtsd8l%2Bxm7uw71CmRn7v5cgObKmbm9IKXIZ2GJfy4gRrnqb5unEY7ez%2BDu5A3pn5KTsHCPMK8h5y0Oaa5IZfdiezgNG1M%2BkHACtTTM6wmwCKjIUfarabvplAnn3IJPL3aI5sY0aSZLFZ2Ya53PGQ2HmNR%2BlOsiFnFnkNwj4%2FWWz20WlBIiP&X-Amz-Signature=9a358b0682a7ee5e1c9751c6b61641db07afecc73b80649000c95371eb0c6db8&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Burn wire release mechanism in contact with white holding string [17].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL2UQRJUC%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T192456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCqSdvwsUKs6ABCYM3EgXc7IJATBK43Qbt54rv%2B8Vk3zwIga8z%2Fa20EeoQq7ALFJ%2FzBKFbd8oiYoexQ9LNvgqgPKSgqvAUIPhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDKAtNkcE9fzscbCwRSqZBYUJJFglZL5Ad%2FdejvZyK0ezSJkkYzld3n1qArWr5VP2JqVsf5TmTirT2K2%2FOGVz7%2FiyKqP5bGr8bYdplChZBwTKqxi4DwftRah0Eh%2B%2FF7sytb9iwAxnKaTe3hpyWCbnbmcAa3TxhllWT01WIJrTBBxI10SiIDLyxAcOxlI%2BmkK8ya9clmkXPsNtngUP%2F54zefiU3xcCWWbYS9AJsEWrwD4f3HTVUhi1b6h4Zu%2BZ9EgBPscRe2GbBT90V7QgztLEy%2F%2BgToJhag7WiDtm6feAgGfVUOkuVFhEzkuHES7QyOuGX8Xb6ARjSaPu5QcmL7%2F33zNbUF%2F%2B0u6BaT%2B4THCfo4XXsRzCBx%2Bcnlfli9OK9nDdGg89CQel41Bsfi5Ol44zM7S2ZtD%2BrCEcpbIGX91zpjauOCb8ybEb76oRKEeWHjCH%2B358RwcSqecVKnJHVyn91CvNifaolQQMKm8xC86nWeiqjs9NL9MupXLdf%2B%2F1ZHsT185nIbI4GmYrmDlZVshC%2BKLDA3xwFnghuMZKs0VLkqf%2BGmQ9JIUf4QcamDJJDC5ytJjFbSbfUd9Vibb%2BuliqfopeWUlKTJ7f%2B8pw4HBFF5McwfdaT2qZYNNvcAbJz9bWNb%2FevQNsrffQayz4xsXeCPBUsW66InjrmmDQHJGVIcnzAdZQe%2FAvWpOZL74q8Vo0VZZIypTA%2FEOpWRV8vBd9Y9S1KEe6u%2FbptdEn3oetBT3RBCXidAExbCRTCzcJxcH6YnWkRk%2F31p9rKmhub1CstKh6kF85HzmO34OrZuZrQJYjFNLJCVWqVfm0gqg%2BFZmmgKxeAZn6ja3hg11dUeQv%2F4HF2aQ9OPaY83%2FA0mIw3xaX4OSmg%2FYsa279p9IZ9WVdPG%2FhZsbqQwYoMIXP3csGOrEBRGwHEL8yNVY221MXA1GX1A28QpAduAiWmBUu6ZRi39cisgpcmOwP%2FGSJuFtsd8l%2Bxm7uw71CmRn7v5cgObKmbm9IKXIZ2GJfy4gRrnqb5unEY7ez%2BDu5A3pn5KTsHCPMK8h5y0Oaa5IZfdiezgNG1M%2BkHACtTTM6wmwCKjIUfarabvplAnn3IJPL3aI5sY0aSZLFZ2Ya53PGQ2HmNR%2BlOsiFnFnkNwj4%2FWWz20WlBIiP&X-Amz-Signature=cc7e09881536cb03273cfa6118e9c4ef395e635922eaadad8196dfdc2d8f7544&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Antenna deployment mechanism: (A) deployed and (B) folded [18].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL2UQRJUC%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T192456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCqSdvwsUKs6ABCYM3EgXc7IJATBK43Qbt54rv%2B8Vk3zwIga8z%2Fa20EeoQq7ALFJ%2FzBKFbd8oiYoexQ9LNvgqgPKSgqvAUIPhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDKAtNkcE9fzscbCwRSqZBYUJJFglZL5Ad%2FdejvZyK0ezSJkkYzld3n1qArWr5VP2JqVsf5TmTirT2K2%2FOGVz7%2FiyKqP5bGr8bYdplChZBwTKqxi4DwftRah0Eh%2B%2FF7sytb9iwAxnKaTe3hpyWCbnbmcAa3TxhllWT01WIJrTBBxI10SiIDLyxAcOxlI%2BmkK8ya9clmkXPsNtngUP%2F54zefiU3xcCWWbYS9AJsEWrwD4f3HTVUhi1b6h4Zu%2BZ9EgBPscRe2GbBT90V7QgztLEy%2F%2BgToJhag7WiDtm6feAgGfVUOkuVFhEzkuHES7QyOuGX8Xb6ARjSaPu5QcmL7%2F33zNbUF%2F%2B0u6BaT%2B4THCfo4XXsRzCBx%2Bcnlfli9OK9nDdGg89CQel41Bsfi5Ol44zM7S2ZtD%2BrCEcpbIGX91zpjauOCb8ybEb76oRKEeWHjCH%2B358RwcSqecVKnJHVyn91CvNifaolQQMKm8xC86nWeiqjs9NL9MupXLdf%2B%2F1ZHsT185nIbI4GmYrmDlZVshC%2BKLDA3xwFnghuMZKs0VLkqf%2BGmQ9JIUf4QcamDJJDC5ytJjFbSbfUd9Vibb%2BuliqfopeWUlKTJ7f%2B8pw4HBFF5McwfdaT2qZYNNvcAbJz9bWNb%2FevQNsrffQayz4xsXeCPBUsW66InjrmmDQHJGVIcnzAdZQe%2FAvWpOZL74q8Vo0VZZIypTA%2FEOpWRV8vBd9Y9S1KEe6u%2FbptdEn3oetBT3RBCXidAExbCRTCzcJxcH6YnWkRk%2F31p9rKmhub1CstKh6kF85HzmO34OrZuZrQJYjFNLJCVWqVfm0gqg%2BFZmmgKxeAZn6ja3hg11dUeQv%2F4HF2aQ9OPaY83%2FA0mIw3xaX4OSmg%2FYsa279p9IZ9WVdPG%2FhZsbqQwYoMIXP3csGOrEBRGwHEL8yNVY221MXA1GX1A28QpAduAiWmBUu6ZRi39cisgpcmOwP%2FGSJuFtsd8l%2Bxm7uw71CmRn7v5cgObKmbm9IKXIZ2GJfy4gRrnqb5unEY7ez%2BDu5A3pn5KTsHCPMK8h5y0Oaa5IZfdiezgNG1M%2BkHACtTTM6wmwCKjIUfarabvplAnn3IJPL3aI5sY0aSZLFZ2Ya53PGQ2HmNR%2BlOsiFnFnkNwj4%2FWWz20WlBIiP&X-Amz-Signature=1c5127b185f062cb20b7da362867d5c168caf0563aedbc4fbdecbd5f739e09d3&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Different geometries and sizes of small satellites: (A) CubeSat standardisation [20] and (B) one-unit hexagonal satellite [21] and (C) two-unit hexagonal satellite [22].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL2UQRJUC%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T192456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCqSdvwsUKs6ABCYM3EgXc7IJATBK43Qbt54rv%2B8Vk3zwIga8z%2Fa20EeoQq7ALFJ%2FzBKFbd8oiYoexQ9LNvgqgPKSgqvAUIPhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDKAtNkcE9fzscbCwRSqZBYUJJFglZL5Ad%2FdejvZyK0ezSJkkYzld3n1qArWr5VP2JqVsf5TmTirT2K2%2FOGVz7%2FiyKqP5bGr8bYdplChZBwTKqxi4DwftRah0Eh%2B%2FF7sytb9iwAxnKaTe3hpyWCbnbmcAa3TxhllWT01WIJrTBBxI10SiIDLyxAcOxlI%2BmkK8ya9clmkXPsNtngUP%2F54zefiU3xcCWWbYS9AJsEWrwD4f3HTVUhi1b6h4Zu%2BZ9EgBPscRe2GbBT90V7QgztLEy%2F%2BgToJhag7WiDtm6feAgGfVUOkuVFhEzkuHES7QyOuGX8Xb6ARjSaPu5QcmL7%2F33zNbUF%2F%2B0u6BaT%2B4THCfo4XXsRzCBx%2Bcnlfli9OK9nDdGg89CQel41Bsfi5Ol44zM7S2ZtD%2BrCEcpbIGX91zpjauOCb8ybEb76oRKEeWHjCH%2B358RwcSqecVKnJHVyn91CvNifaolQQMKm8xC86nWeiqjs9NL9MupXLdf%2B%2F1ZHsT185nIbI4GmYrmDlZVshC%2BKLDA3xwFnghuMZKs0VLkqf%2BGmQ9JIUf4QcamDJJDC5ytJjFbSbfUd9Vibb%2BuliqfopeWUlKTJ7f%2B8pw4HBFF5McwfdaT2qZYNNvcAbJz9bWNb%2FevQNsrffQayz4xsXeCPBUsW66InjrmmDQHJGVIcnzAdZQe%2FAvWpOZL74q8Vo0VZZIypTA%2FEOpWRV8vBd9Y9S1KEe6u%2FbptdEn3oetBT3RBCXidAExbCRTCzcJxcH6YnWkRk%2F31p9rKmhub1CstKh6kF85HzmO34OrZuZrQJYjFNLJCVWqVfm0gqg%2BFZmmgKxeAZn6ja3hg11dUeQv%2F4HF2aQ9OPaY83%2FA0mIw3xaX4OSmg%2FYsa279p9IZ9WVdPG%2FhZsbqQwYoMIXP3csGOrEBRGwHEL8yNVY221MXA1GX1A28QpAduAiWmBUu6ZRi39cisgpcmOwP%2FGSJuFtsd8l%2Bxm7uw71CmRn7v5cgObKmbm9IKXIZ2GJfy4gRrnqb5unEY7ez%2BDu5A3pn5KTsHCPMK8h5y0Oaa5IZfdiezgNG1M%2BkHACtTTM6wmwCKjIUfarabvplAnn3IJPL3aI5sY0aSZLFZ2Ya53PGQ2HmNR%2BlOsiFnFnkNwj4%2FWWz20WlBIiP&X-Amz-Signature=2d8bdbf8e9e798a772286cd392ec0816b5f17c9474fedde764bd3f6e77105133&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Geometric parameters of the isogrid structure, where t is the rib height, x is the rib width and z is the rib thickness [28].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL2UQRJUC%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T192456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCqSdvwsUKs6ABCYM3EgXc7IJATBK43Qbt54rv%2B8Vk3zwIga8z%2Fa20EeoQq7ALFJ%2FzBKFbd8oiYoexQ9LNvgqgPKSgqvAUIPhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDKAtNkcE9fzscbCwRSqZBYUJJFglZL5Ad%2FdejvZyK0ezSJkkYzld3n1qArWr5VP2JqVsf5TmTirT2K2%2FOGVz7%2FiyKqP5bGr8bYdplChZBwTKqxi4DwftRah0Eh%2B%2FF7sytb9iwAxnKaTe3hpyWCbnbmcAa3TxhllWT01WIJrTBBxI10SiIDLyxAcOxlI%2BmkK8ya9clmkXPsNtngUP%2F54zefiU3xcCWWbYS9AJsEWrwD4f3HTVUhi1b6h4Zu%2BZ9EgBPscRe2GbBT90V7QgztLEy%2F%2BgToJhag7WiDtm6feAgGfVUOkuVFhEzkuHES7QyOuGX8Xb6ARjSaPu5QcmL7%2F33zNbUF%2F%2B0u6BaT%2B4THCfo4XXsRzCBx%2Bcnlfli9OK9nDdGg89CQel41Bsfi5Ol44zM7S2ZtD%2BrCEcpbIGX91zpjauOCb8ybEb76oRKEeWHjCH%2B358RwcSqecVKnJHVyn91CvNifaolQQMKm8xC86nWeiqjs9NL9MupXLdf%2B%2F1ZHsT185nIbI4GmYrmDlZVshC%2BKLDA3xwFnghuMZKs0VLkqf%2BGmQ9JIUf4QcamDJJDC5ytJjFbSbfUd9Vibb%2BuliqfopeWUlKTJ7f%2B8pw4HBFF5McwfdaT2qZYNNvcAbJz9bWNb%2FevQNsrffQayz4xsXeCPBUsW66InjrmmDQHJGVIcnzAdZQe%2FAvWpOZL74q8Vo0VZZIypTA%2FEOpWRV8vBd9Y9S1KEe6u%2FbptdEn3oetBT3RBCXidAExbCRTCzcJxcH6YnWkRk%2F31p9rKmhub1CstKh6kF85HzmO34OrZuZrQJYjFNLJCVWqVfm0gqg%2BFZmmgKxeAZn6ja3hg11dUeQv%2F4HF2aQ9OPaY83%2FA0mIw3xaX4OSmg%2FYsa279p9IZ9WVdPG%2FhZsbqQwYoMIXP3csGOrEBRGwHEL8yNVY221MXA1GX1A28QpAduAiWmBUu6ZRi39cisgpcmOwP%2FGSJuFtsd8l%2Bxm7uw71CmRn7v5cgObKmbm9IKXIZ2GJfy4gRrnqb5unEY7ez%2BDu5A3pn5KTsHCPMK8h5y0Oaa5IZfdiezgNG1M%2BkHACtTTM6wmwCKjIUfarabvplAnn3IJPL3aI5sY0aSZLFZ2Ya53PGQ2HmNR%2BlOsiFnFnkNwj4%2FWWz20WlBIiP&X-Amz-Signature=77d5821de9c94cd39452ce915509d6e31f0d83b876758cbeb4c9ff4eacbc3692&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Honeycomb sandwich panel structure [36].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL2UQRJUC%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T192456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCqSdvwsUKs6ABCYM3EgXc7IJATBK43Qbt54rv%2B8Vk3zwIga8z%2Fa20EeoQq7ALFJ%2FzBKFbd8oiYoexQ9LNvgqgPKSgqvAUIPhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDKAtNkcE9fzscbCwRSqZBYUJJFglZL5Ad%2FdejvZyK0ezSJkkYzld3n1qArWr5VP2JqVsf5TmTirT2K2%2FOGVz7%2FiyKqP5bGr8bYdplChZBwTKqxi4DwftRah0Eh%2B%2FF7sytb9iwAxnKaTe3hpyWCbnbmcAa3TxhllWT01WIJrTBBxI10SiIDLyxAcOxlI%2BmkK8ya9clmkXPsNtngUP%2F54zefiU3xcCWWbYS9AJsEWrwD4f3HTVUhi1b6h4Zu%2BZ9EgBPscRe2GbBT90V7QgztLEy%2F%2BgToJhag7WiDtm6feAgGfVUOkuVFhEzkuHES7QyOuGX8Xb6ARjSaPu5QcmL7%2F33zNbUF%2F%2B0u6BaT%2B4THCfo4XXsRzCBx%2Bcnlfli9OK9nDdGg89CQel41Bsfi5Ol44zM7S2ZtD%2BrCEcpbIGX91zpjauOCb8ybEb76oRKEeWHjCH%2B358RwcSqecVKnJHVyn91CvNifaolQQMKm8xC86nWeiqjs9NL9MupXLdf%2B%2F1ZHsT185nIbI4GmYrmDlZVshC%2BKLDA3xwFnghuMZKs0VLkqf%2BGmQ9JIUf4QcamDJJDC5ytJjFbSbfUd9Vibb%2BuliqfopeWUlKTJ7f%2B8pw4HBFF5McwfdaT2qZYNNvcAbJz9bWNb%2FevQNsrffQayz4xsXeCPBUsW66InjrmmDQHJGVIcnzAdZQe%2FAvWpOZL74q8Vo0VZZIypTA%2FEOpWRV8vBd9Y9S1KEe6u%2FbptdEn3oetBT3RBCXidAExbCRTCzcJxcH6YnWkRk%2F31p9rKmhub1CstKh6kF85HzmO34OrZuZrQJYjFNLJCVWqVfm0gqg%2BFZmmgKxeAZn6ja3hg11dUeQv%2F4HF2aQ9OPaY83%2FA0mIw3xaX4OSmg%2FYsa279p9IZ9WVdPG%2FhZsbqQwYoMIXP3csGOrEBRGwHEL8yNVY221MXA1GX1A28QpAduAiWmBUu6ZRi39cisgpcmOwP%2FGSJuFtsd8l%2Bxm7uw71CmRn7v5cgObKmbm9IKXIZ2GJfy4gRrnqb5unEY7ez%2BDu5A3pn5KTsHCPMK8h5y0Oaa5IZfdiezgNG1M%2BkHACtTTM6wmwCKjIUfarabvplAnn3IJPL3aI5sY0aSZLFZ2Ya53PGQ2HmNR%2BlOsiFnFnkNwj4%2FWWz20WlBIiP&X-Amz-Signature=90fdabcbba2150aad0e4e365ae6f7f44e7a530beb9e7ee273a4e553c6da16db4&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Geometric parameters of the honeycomb sandwich structure [37].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647392254e662f30ba542639/tar-2023-0016_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL2UQRJUC%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T192456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCqSdvwsUKs6ABCYM3EgXc7IJATBK43Qbt54rv%2B8Vk3zwIga8z%2Fa20EeoQq7ALFJ%2FzBKFbd8oiYoexQ9LNvgqgPKSgqvAUIPhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDKAtNkcE9fzscbCwRSqZBYUJJFglZL5Ad%2FdejvZyK0ezSJkkYzld3n1qArWr5VP2JqVsf5TmTirT2K2%2FOGVz7%2FiyKqP5bGr8bYdplChZBwTKqxi4DwftRah0Eh%2B%2FF7sytb9iwAxnKaTe3hpyWCbnbmcAa3TxhllWT01WIJrTBBxI10SiIDLyxAcOxlI%2BmkK8ya9clmkXPsNtngUP%2F54zefiU3xcCWWbYS9AJsEWrwD4f3HTVUhi1b6h4Zu%2BZ9EgBPscRe2GbBT90V7QgztLEy%2F%2BgToJhag7WiDtm6feAgGfVUOkuVFhEzkuHES7QyOuGX8Xb6ARjSaPu5QcmL7%2F33zNbUF%2F%2B0u6BaT%2B4THCfo4XXsRzCBx%2Bcnlfli9OK9nDdGg89CQel41Bsfi5Ol44zM7S2ZtD%2BrCEcpbIGX91zpjauOCb8ybEb76oRKEeWHjCH%2B358RwcSqecVKnJHVyn91CvNifaolQQMKm8xC86nWeiqjs9NL9MupXLdf%2B%2F1ZHsT185nIbI4GmYrmDlZVshC%2BKLDA3xwFnghuMZKs0VLkqf%2BGmQ9JIUf4QcamDJJDC5ytJjFbSbfUd9Vibb%2BuliqfopeWUlKTJ7f%2B8pw4HBFF5McwfdaT2qZYNNvcAbJz9bWNb%2FevQNsrffQayz4xsXeCPBUsW66InjrmmDQHJGVIcnzAdZQe%2FAvWpOZL74q8Vo0VZZIypTA%2FEOpWRV8vBd9Y9S1KEe6u%2FbptdEn3oetBT3RBCXidAExbCRTCzcJxcH6YnWkRk%2F31p9rKmhub1CstKh6kF85HzmO34OrZuZrQJYjFNLJCVWqVfm0gqg%2BFZmmgKxeAZn6ja3hg11dUeQv%2F4HF2aQ9OPaY83%2FA0mIw3xaX4OSmg%2FYsa279p9IZ9WVdPG%2FhZsbqQwYoMIXP3csGOrEBRGwHEL8yNVY221MXA1GX1A28QpAduAiWmBUu6ZRi39cisgpcmOwP%2FGSJuFtsd8l%2Bxm7uw71CmRn7v5cgObKmbm9IKXIZ2GJfy4gRrnqb5unEY7ez%2BDu5A3pn5KTsHCPMK8h5y0Oaa5IZfdiezgNG1M%2BkHACtTTM6wmwCKjIUfarabvplAnn3IJPL3aI5sY0aSZLFZ2Ya53PGQ2HmNR%2BlOsiFnFnkNwj4%2FWWz20WlBIiP&X-Amz-Signature=416de9ca2004ec63a0246c00bd2dbf783d5f2ed997dd66efb3e5f17213480516&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
© 2023 Reham Reda, Yasmeen Ahmed, Islam Magdy, Hossam Nabil, Mennatullah Khamis, Ahmed Refaey, Nada Eldabaa, Manar Abo Elmagd, Mohamed Abo Lila, Hady Ergawy, Alhussein Elgarf, Gerges Abed, published by ŁUKASIEWICZ RESEARCH NETWORK – INSTITUTE OF AVIATION
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.