References
- Abbas, F., & Ali, S. (2022). Dynamics of diversification and banks’ risk‐taking and stability: Empirical analysis of commercial banks. Managerial and Decision Economics, 43(4), 1000–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.3434
- Abedifar, P., Molyneux, P., & Tarazi, A. (2018). Non-interest income and bank lending. Journal of Banking & Finance, 87, 411–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2017.11.003
- Adem, M. (2023). Impact of income diversification on bank stability: a cross-country analysis. Asian Journal of Accounting Research, 8(2), 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJAR-03-2022-0093
- Admati, A., & Hellwig, M. (2014). The Bankers’ New Clothes: What’s Wrong with Banking and What to Do about It-New and Expanded Edition. In The Bankers ’ New Clothes. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400851195
- Ahamed, M. M., & Mallick, S. K. (2019). Is financial inclusion good for bank stability? International evidence. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 157, 403-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.07.027
- Altunbas, Y., Carbo, S., Gardener, E. P., & Molyneux, P. (2007). Examining the relationships between capital, risk and efficiency in European banking. European Financial Management, 13(1), 49-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-036X.2006.00285.x
- Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297968
- Arellano, M., & Bover, O. (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-D
- Arianpoor, A., & Asali, F. E. (2023). The impact of earnings volatility, environmental uncertainty and COVID-19 pandemic on accounting comparability in an emerging economy. Asian Review of Accounting, 31(4), 612-630. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARA-10-2022-0257
- Ashraf, B. N., Arshad, S., & Hu, Y. (2016). Capital regulation and bank risk-taking behavior: evidence from Pakistan. International Journal of Financial Studies, 4(3), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs4030016
- Berger, A. N., & Bouwman, C. H. (2013). How does capital affect bank performance during financial crises? Journal of Financial Economics, 109(1), 146-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.02.008
- Black, B. S., Love, I., & Rachinsky, A. (2006). Corporate governance indices and firms’ market values: Time series evidence from Russia. Emerging Markets Review, 7(4), 361-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2006.09.004
- Blum, J. (1999). Do capital adequacy requirements reduce risks in banking? Journal of Banking & Finance, 23(5), 755-771. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00113-7
- Borio, C., & Zhu, H. (2012). Capital regulation, risk-taking and monetary policy: a missing link in the transmission mechanism? Journal of Financial Stability, 8(4), 236-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2011.12.003
- Boubaker, S., Nguyen, P., & Rouatbi, W. (2016). Multiple large shareholders and corporate risk‐taking: Evidence from French family firms. European Financial Management, 22(4), 697-745. https://doi.org/10.1111/eufm.12086
- Breuer, M., & Dehaan, E. (2024). Using and interpreting fixed effects models. Journal of Accounting Research, 62(4), 1183-1226.
- Brunnermeier, M. K. (2009). Deciphering the liquidity and credit crunch 2007-2008. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23(1), 77–100. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.23.1.77
- Bui, T. D., & Bui, H. T. M. (2020). Threshold effect of economic openness on bank risk-taking: Evidence from emerging markets. Economic Modelling, 91, 790-803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.11.013
- Calem, P., & Rob, R. (1999). The impact of capital-based regulation on bank risk-taking. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 8(4), 317-352. https://doi.org/10.1006/jfin.1999.0276
- Calluzzo, P., & Dong, G. N. (2015). Has the financial system become safer after the crisis? The changing nature of financial institution risk. Journal of Banking & Finance, 53, 233-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.10.009
- Cheng, S. (2008). Board size and the variability of corporate performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 87(1), 157-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2006.10.006
- Chiaramonte, L., & Casu, B. (2017). Capital liquidity ratios and financial distress: Evidence from the European banking industry. The British Accounting Review, 49(2), 138–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2016.04.001
- Chiorazzo, V., Milani, C., & Salvini, F. (2008). Income diversification and bank performance: Evidence from Italian banks. Journal of Financial Services Research, 33(3), 181-203.
- Constantinou, G., Karali, A., & Papanastasopoulos, G. (2017). Asset growth and the cross-section of stock returns: evidence from Greek listed firms. Management Decision, 55(5), 826-841. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-05-2016-0344
- De Andres, P., & Vallelado, E. (2008). Corporate governance in banking: The role of the board of directors. Journal of Banking & Finance, 32(12), 2570-2580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2008.05.008
- Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Huizinga, H. (2004). Market discipline and deposit insurance. Journal of Monetary Economics, 51(2), 375-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2003.04.001
- Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Huizinga, H. (2010). Bank activity and funding strategies: The impact on risk and returns. Journal of Financial Economics, 98(3), 626-650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2010.06.004
- Demirguc‐Kunt, A., Detragiache, E., & Merrouche, O. (2013). Bank capital: Lessons from the financial crisis. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 45(6), 1147-1164. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmcb.12047
- Doumpos, M., Gaganis, C., & Pasiouras, F. (2016). Bank diversification and overall financial strength: International evidence. Financial Markets, Institutions & Instruments, 25(3), 169-213. https://doi.org/10.1111/fmii.12069
- Dwekat, A., Seguí‐Mas, E., Tormo‐Carbó, G., & Carmona, P. (2020). Corporate governance configurations and corporate social responsibility disclosure: Qualitative comparative analysis of audit committee and board characteristics. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(6), 2879-2892. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2009
- Fu, X. M., Lin, Y. R., & Molyneux, P. (2014). Bank competition and financial stability in the Asia Pacific. Journal of Banking & Finance, 38, 64-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.09.012
- Fullenkamp, C., & Rochon, C. (2017). Reconsidering bank capital regulation: A new combination of rules, regulators, and market discipline. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 20(4), 343-359. https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2016.1181550
- Furlong, F. T., & Keeley, M. C. (1989). Capital regulation and bank risk-taking: A note. Journal of Banking & Finance, 13(6), 883-891. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266(89)90008-3
- Ghosh, A. (2015). Banking-industry specific and regional economic determinants of non-performing loans: Evidence from US states. Journal of Financial Stability, 20, 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2015.08.004
- Guerry, N., & Wallmeier, M. (2017). Valuation of diversified banks: New evidence. Journal of Banking & Finance, 80, 203-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2017.04.004
- Haq, M., Faff, R., Seth, R., & Mohanty, S. (2014). Disciplinary tools and bank risk exposure. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 26, 37-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2013.10.005
- Haque, F., & Shahid, R. (2016). Ownership, risk-taking and performance of banks in emerging economies: Evidence from India. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 8(3), 282-297. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFEP-09-2015-0054
- Haris, M., Yao, H., Tariq, G., Javaid, H. M., & Ain, Q. U. (2019). Corporate governance, political connections, and bank performance. International Journal of Financial Studies, 7(4), 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs7040062
- Hunjra, A. I., Hanif, M., Mehmood, R., & Nguyen, L. V. (2021). Diversification, corporate governance, regulation and bank risk-taking. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 19(1), 92-108. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-03-2020-0071
- Hunjra, A. I., Jebabli, I., Thrikawala, S. S., Alawi, S. M., & Mehmood, R. (2024). How do corporate governance and corporate social responsibility affect credit risk? Research in International Business and Finance, 67, 102139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2023.102139
- Hunjra, A. I., Zureigat, Q., & Mehmood, R. (2020). Impact of capital regulation and market discipline on capital ratio selection: A cross country study. International Journal of Financial Studies, 8(2), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs8020021
- Hussain, H., Md-Rus, R., Al-Jaifi, H. A., & Hussain, R. Y. (2022). Determinants of corporate pay-out policy and the moderating effects of firm’s growth: evidence from Pakistan. Studia Universitatis Vasile Goldi ș Arad, Seria Ș tiin ț e Economice, 32(3), 65-101. DOI: 10.2478/sues-2022-0013
- Hussain, R. Y., Qalati, S. A., & Hussain, H. (Eds.). (2025). Corporate Risk Mitigation Through Socially Responsible Governance. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-5733-0
- Irshad, H., Taib, H. M., Hussain, H., & Hussain, R. Y. (2023). Conventional and Islamic Equity Market Reaction Towards Terrorism: Evidence Based on Target Types, Location and Islamic Calendar Months. Studia Universitatis „ Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series, 33(4), 70-116. DOI: 10.2478/sues-2023-0019
- Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305-360.
- Jumreornvong, S., Chakreyavanich, C., Treepongkaruna, S., & Jiraporn, P. (2018). Capital adequacy, deposit insurance, and the effect of their interaction on bank risk. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 11(4), 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm11040079
- Kayed, R. N., & Hassan, M. K. (2011). The global financial crisis and Islamic finance. Thunderbird International Business Review, 53(5), 551-564. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.20434
- Keeley, M. C., & Furlong, F. T. (1990). A reexamination of mean-variance analysis of bank capital regulation. Journal of Banking & Finance, 14(1), 69-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266(90)90036-2
- Kijkasiwat, P., Hussain, A., & Mumtaz, A. (2022). Corporate governance, firm performance and financial leverage across developed and emerging economies. Risks, 10(10), 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks10100185
- Koehn, M., & Santomero, A. M. (1980). Regulation of bank capital and portfolio risk. The Journal of Finance, 35(5), 1235-1244. https://doi.org/10.2307/2327096
- Konishi, M., & Yasuda, Y. (2004). Factors affecting bank risk-taking: Evidence from Japan. Journal of Banking & Finance, 28(1), 215-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4266(02)00405-3
- Lee, C. C., & Hsieh, M. F. (2013). The impact of bank capital on profitability and risk in Asian banking. Journal of International Money and Finance, 32, 251-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2012.04.013
- Li, J., Ding, H., Hu, Y., & Wan, G. (2021). Dealing with dynamic endogeneity in international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 52, 339-362.
- Liu, C., Chen, Y., Huang, S., Chen, X., & Liu, F. (2023). Assessing the determinants of corporate risk-taking using machine learning algorithms. Systems, 11(5), 263. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11050263
- Macey, J. R., & O’Hara, M. (2003). The corporate governance of banks. Economic Policy Review, 9(1), 91-107.
- Markowits, H. M. (1952). Portfolio selection. Journal of Finance, 7(1), 71-91.
- Mehran, H., & Thakor, A. (2011). Bank capital and value in the cross-section. Review of Financial Studies, 24(4), 1019–1067. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhq022
- Mehmood, R., Hunjra, A. I., & Chani, M. I. (2019). The impact of corporate diversification and financial structure on firm performance: evidence from South Asian countries. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12010049
- Mehmood, R., Alawi, S., & Ahmad, I. (2024). CEO Optimism, Accounting Conservatism and Earnings Management of Listed Manufacturing Firms: Evidence from Asian Emerging Economies. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 18(3), 14-24. DOI: http://doi.org/10.51709/19951272/Fall2024/2
- Milne, M. J., & Adler, R. W. (1999). Exploring the reliability of social and environmental disclosures content analysis. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 12(2), 237-256. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513579910270138
- Naili, M., & Lahrichi, Y. (2022). The determinants of banks’ credit risk: Review of the literature and future research agenda. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 27(1), 334-360. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2156
- Nguyen, K. T. A., Mai, K. N., & Cao, M. M. (2021). Investigating the relationship between CSR and financial performance based on corporate reputation: evidence from Vietnamese enterprises. Global Business and Economics Review, 24(2), 107-127. https://doi.org/10.1504/GBER.2021.113118
- Nguyen, M., Skully, M., & Perera, S. (2012). Market power, revenue diversification and bank stability: Evidence from selected South Asian countries. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 22(4), 897–912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2012.05.008
- Nisar, S., Peng, K., Wang, S., & Ashraf, B. N. (2018). The impact of revenue diversification on bank profitability and stability: Empirical evidence from South Asian countries. International Journal of Financial Studies, 6(2), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs6020040
- Obadire, A. M., Moyo, V., & Munzhelele, N. F. (2022). Basel III capital regulations and bank efficiency: Evidence from selected African Countries. International Journal of Financial Studies, 10(3), 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs10030057
- Pasiouras, F., Tanna, S., & Zopounidis, C. (2009). The impact of banking regulations on banks’ cost and profit efficiency: Cross-country evidence. International Review of Financial Analysis, 18(5), 294-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2009.07.003
- Pouraghajan, A., Tabari, N. A. Y., Ramezani, A., Mansourinia, E., Emamgholipour, M., & Majd, P. (2012). Relationship between cost of capital and accounting criteria of corporate performance evaluation: Evidence from Tehran Stock Exchange. World Applied Sciences Journal, 20(5), 666-673. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2012.20.05.2368
- Rachdi, H., & Ben Bouheni, F. (2016). Revisiting the effect of regulation, supervision and risk on banking performance: evidence from European banks based on PSTR model. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 24(1), 24-40. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRC-07-2014-0034
- Rahman, M. M., Begum, M., Ashraf, B. N., & Masud, M. A. K. (2020). Does trade openness affect bank risk-taking behavior? Evidence from BRICS countries. Economies, 8(3), 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies8030075
- Santomero, A. M. (1997). Commercial bank risk management: an analysis of the process. Journal of Financial Services Research, 12, 83-115.
- Shim, J. (2013). Bank capital buffer and portfolio risk: The influence of business cycle and revenue diversification. Journal of Banking & Finance, 37(3), 761–772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2012.10.002
- Shrieves, R. E., & Dahl, D. (1992). The relationship between risk and capital in commercial banks. Journal of Banking and Finance, 16(2), 439-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266(92)90024-T
- Stolz, S., & Wedow, M. (2011). Banks’ regulatory capital buffer and the business cycle: Evidence for Germany. Journal of Financial Stability, 7(2), 98-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2009.09.001
- Tanda, A. (2015). The effects of bank regulation on the relationship between capital and risk. Comparative Economic Studies, 57, 31-54.
- Velasco, P. (2022). Is bank diversification a linking channel between regulatory capital and bank value? The British Accounting Review, 54(4), 101070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2021.101070
- Williams, B. (2016). The impact of non-interest income on bank risk in Australia. Journal of Banking and Finance, 73, 16-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2016.07.019
- Xu, L., Lee, S. C., & Fu, Y. (2015). Impacts of capital regulation and market discipline on capital ratio selection: evidence from China. International Journal of Managerial Finance, 11(3), 270-284. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMF-02-2014-0021
- Yüksel, S., Mukhtarov, S., Mammadov, E., & Özsarı, M. (2018). Determinants of profitability in the banking sector: an analysis of post-soviet countries. Economies, 6(3), 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies6030041
- Zhang, Z. Y., Jun, W. U., & Liu, Q. F. (2008). Impacts of capital adequacy regulation on risk-taking behaviors of banking. Systems Engineering-Theory & Practice, 28(8), 183-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1874-8651(09)60035-1