References
- Rybak A, Bents D, Krüger J, Groth D. The end of the secular trend in Norway: Spatial trends in body height of Norwegian conscripts in the 19th, 20th and 21st century. Anthropol Anz. 2020;77(5):415–421. doi: 10.38045/ohrm.2021.4.08.
- Eichelberger DA, Chaouch A, Rousson V, Kakebeeke TH, Caflisch J, Wehrle FM, et al. Secular trends in physical growth, biological maturation, and intelligence in children and adolescents born between 1978 and 1993. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1216164 doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1216164.
- Negasheva MA, Khafizova AA, Movsesian AA. Secular trends in height, weight, and body mass index in the context of economic and political transformations in Russia from 1885 to 2021. Am J Hum Biol. 2024;36(2):23992. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.23992.
- Popkin BM, Corvalan C, Grummer-Strawn LM. Dynamics of the double burden of malnutrition and the changing nutrition reality. The Lancet. 2020;395(10217):65–74. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32497-3.
- Kerr JA, Patton GC, Cini KI, Abate YH, Abbas N, Abd Al Magied AHA, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: A forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet. 2025;405(10481):785–812. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00397-6.
- Kabir A, Karimi Behnagh A. Prevalence patterns of overweight and obesity in the world: An age-period-cohort analysis. Du Z, ed. PLOS One. 2025;20(6):e0324733. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0324733.
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). OECD regions and cities at a glance 2022. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2022.
- European Union, Eurostat. Regions in the European Union: Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS). 2024 ed. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2024.
- Kovač M, Jurak G, Kragelj LZ, Leskošek B. The secular trend in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the population of primary school children from Ljubljana (Slovenia). Zdr Varst. 2014;53(2):188–198. doi: 10.2478/sjph-2014-0019.
- Raufi А, Konstantinova MK. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children: Variation in different ethnicities, age, and sex in North Macedonia. Prilozi. 2022;43(2):23–31. doi: 10.2478/prilozi-2022-0015.
- Sigmund E, Sigmundová D, Badura P, Voráčová J, Vladimír H, Hollein T, et al. Time-trends and correlates of obesity in Czech adolescents in relation to family socioeconomic status over a 16-year study period (2002–2018). BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):229. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-8336-2.
- Malobická E, Zibolenová J, Baška T, Bakalár P, Madleňák T, Štefanová E, et al. Differences in frequency of selected risk factors of overweight and obesity in adolescents in various social environments within Slovakia. Public Health. 2025;240:203–208. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2025.01.025.
- Reißner A, Wartha O, Dreyhaupt J, Kobel S. Correlates of overweight and obesity in German primary school children. Nutrients. 2024;16(23):3987. doi: 10.3390/nu16233987.
- Gallego A, Olivares-Arancibia J, Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Gutiérrez-Espinoza H, López-Gil JF. Socioeconomic status and rate of poverty in overweight and obesity among Spanish children and adolescents. Children. 2024;11(8):1020. doi: 10.3390/children11081020.
- Zaccagni L, Gualdi-Russo E. Reduced physical activity and increased weight status in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Children. 2025;12(2):178. doi: 10.3390/children12020178.
- Saczuk J, Wasiluk A. Secular trends in the physical fitness of underweight, overweight, and obese girls. Pol J Sport Tour. 2019;26(1):28–32. doi: 10.2478/pjst-2019-0005.
- Saczuk J. Morphofunctional development of children and adolescents from eastern Poland during the period of political transformation. 2018. Monographs and Studies Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, University College in Biala Podlaska; 2018.
- Ustawa z dnia 7 lipca 2023 r. o zmianie ustawy o pomocy państwa w wychowywaniu dzieci [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jul 16]. Available at:
https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20230001565 - Wasiluk A, Saczuk J. Secular trends in height, body mass, and BMI among Polish boys in Eastern regions from 1986 to 2021: Cross-decade analysis of nutritional status. J Clin Med. 2025;14(16):5767. doi: 10.3390/jcm14165767.
- Weiner JS, Lourie JA. Human biology: A guide to field methods. (IBP handbook, no. 9). Oxford, Edinburgh: Blackwell Scientific; 1969. 621 p.
- Cole TJ. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International survey. BMJ. 2000;320(7244):1240–1240. doi: 10.1136/bmj.320.7244.1240.
- Cole TJ, Flegal KM, Nicholls D, Jackson AA. Body mass index cut offs to define thinness in children and adolescents: International survey. BMJ. 2007;335(7612):194. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39238.399444.55.
- Pop RM, Tenenboum A, Pop M. Secular trends in height, body mass and mean menarche age in Romanian children and adolescents, 1936–2016. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(2):490. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18020490.
- Candela-Martínez B, Cámara AD, López-Falcón D, Martínez-Carrión JM. Growing taller unequally? Adult height and socioeconomic status in Spain (Cohorts 1940–1994). SSM - Popul Health. 2022;18:101126. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101126.
- Kryst Ł, Żegleń M, Woronkowicz A, Kowal M. Body height, weight, and Body Mass Index – magnitude and pace of secular changes in children and adolescents from Kraków (Poland) between 1983 and 2020. Am J Hum Biol 2022;34(9):23779. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.23779.
- Bjelica D, Gardasevic J, Milosevic Z, Bozic PR, Masanovic B. Trajectories of body height, body weight, BMI, and nutrition status from 1979 to 1987: A measurement-based analysis of 8740 Montenegrin male adolescents from the municipality of Berane. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(10):5490. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18105490.
- Scott S, Patriquin ML, Bowes MJ. Secular trends in weight, stature, and body mass index in Nova Scotia, Canada. Am J Hum Biol. 2020;32(3):23359. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.23359.
- Leone M, Bui HT, Kalinova E, Bourget-Gaudreault S, Levesque P, Lemoyne J, et al. Updating normative cross-sectional values and secular trends in body mass, body height and Body Mass Index among Québec children and adolescents. Can J Public Health. 2023;114(4):629–641. doi: 10.17269/s41997-023-00757-6.
- Szynszecka A, Bhakta D. Nutrition transition in Poland: A review of the epidemiological data on dietary intake and the prevalence of overweight and obesity pre- and post-communism. Proc Nutr Soc. 2010;69(OCE6):E507. doi: 10.1017/S0029665110003708.
- Harton A. Public health challenges – the diet, nutritional status, and health of the Polish population. J Health Inequal. 2024;10(2):122–126. doi: 10.5114/jhi.2024.145393.
- Bygdell M, Ohlsson C, Kindblom JM. A secular trend of increasing pubertal BMI change among Swedish adolescents. Int J Obes. 2022;46(2):444–446. doi: 10.1038/s41366-021-01011-0.
- Hardy LL, Merom D, Thomas M, Peralta L. 30-year changes in Australian children’s standing broad jump: 1985–2015. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21(10):1057–1061. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.04.005.
- Basterfield L, Galna B, Burn NL, Batten H, Weston M, Goffe L, et al. Back to ‘normal’? BMI, physical fitness and health-related quality of life of children from North East England before, during and after the COVID-19 lockdowns. J Sports Sci. 2024;42(8):688–700. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2359259.
- Phelps NH, Singleton RK, Zhou B, Heap RA, Mishra A, Bennett JE, et al. Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: A pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. The Lancet. 2024;403(10431):1027–1050. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2.
- Aarestrup J, Pedersen DC, Bjerregaard LG, Jensen BW, Leth-Møller KB, Jacobsen RK, et al. Trends in childhood Body Mass Index between 1936 and 2011 showed that underweight remained more common than obesity among 398 970 Danish school children. Acta Paediatr. 2024;113(4):818–826. doi: 10.1111/apa.16980.
- Øvrebø B, Bergh IH, Stea TH, Bere E, Surén P, Magnus PM, et al. Overweight, obesity, and thinness among a nationally representative sample of Norwegian adolescents and changes from childhood: Associations with sex, region, and population density. Rohrmann S, ed. Plos One. 2021;16(8):e0255699. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255699.
- Albu A, Abdulan IM, „Gr. T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, et al. Physical development and eating habits of a group of teenagers from Dimitrie Cantemir high school in Iasi. One Health Risk Manag. 2021;2(4):86–92.
- Taquet M, Geddes JR, Luciano S, Harrison PJ. Incidence and outcomes of eating disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Br J Psychiatry. 2022;220(5):262–264. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2021.105.
- Nasution AS, Nuraida I, Warini W, Gunawan W. Body image determinants for teenagers aged 12–16 years. Contag Sci Period J Public Health Coast Health. 2023;5(4):1217. doi: 10.30829/contagion.v5i4.15299.
