Association of the number of perceived barriers to accessing primary health care services with ethnicity; results from general linear models and binary logistic regression_
| Upper panel: general linear models | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Meana | 95%CIa | Pa |
| Model 1b | |||
| Albanian | 1.61 | 1.52–1.70 | 0.042 |
| Other ethnicities | 1.84 | 1.64–2.05 | |
| Model 2 c | |||
| Albanian | 1.62 | 1.53–1.72 | 0.074 |
| Other ethnicities | 1.83 | 1.63–2.04 | |
| Model 3 d | |||
| Albanian | 1.62 | 1.52–1.71 | 0.087 |
| Other ethnicities | 1.82 | 1.61–2.02 | |
| Model 4 e | |||
| Albanian | 1.64 | 1.51–1.76 | 0.097 |
| Other ethnicities | 1.87 | 1.64–2.10 | |
| Model 5 f | |||
| Albanian | 1.69 | 1.55–1.83 | 0.111 |
| Other ethnicities | 1.91 | 1.68–2.14 | |
Distribution of background characteristics in a sample of Albanian adults who reported barriers to accessing primary health care services in 2024 (N = 533)_
| Variable | Total (N = 533) | Ethnicity | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian (N = 444) | Other (N = 89)a | Pc | ||
| Sex: | ||||
| Men | 215 (40.3)b | 159 (35.8) | 56 (62.9) | < 0.001 |
| Women | 318 (59.7) | 285 (64.2) | 33 (37.1) | |
| Age-group: | ||||
| 18–39 years | 228 (42.8) | 203 (45.7) | 25 (28.1) | 0.003 |
| 40–59 years | 168 (31.5) | 128 (28.8) | 40 (44.9) | |
| ≥ 60 years | 137 (25.7) | 113 (25.5) | 24 (27.0) | |
| Place of residence: | ||||
| Urban/periurban areas | 463 (86.9) | 374 (84.2) | 89 (100.0) | < 0.001 |
| Rural areas | 70 (13.1) | 70 (15.8) | 0 (–) | |
| Marital status: | ||||
| Married | 334 (62.7) | 264 (59.5) | 70 (78.7) | < 0.001 |
| Other | 199 (37.3) | 180 (40.5) | 19 (21.3) | |
| Education: | ||||
| Low | 161 (30.2) | 85 (19.1) | 76 (85.4) | < 0.001 |
| Middle | 180 (33.8) | 171 (38.5) | 9 (10.1) | |
| High | 192 (36.0) | 188 (42.3) | 4 (4.5) | |
| Economic situation: | ||||
| Good | 39 (7.3) | 38 (8.6) | 1 (1.1) | < 0.001 |
| Average | 324 (60.8) | 296 (66.7) | 28 (31.5) | |
| Bad | 170 (31.9) | 110 (24.8) | 60 (67.4) | |
| Self-perceived health: | ||||
| Very poor/poor | 59 (11.1) | 36 (8.1) | 23 (25.8) | < 0.001 |
| Average | 159 (29.8) | 139 (31.3) | 20 (22.5) | |
| Good/excellent | 315 (59.1) | 269 (60.6) | 46 (51.7) | |
| Disability: | ||||
| No | 391 (73.4) | 335 (75.5) | 56 (62.9) | 0.018 |
| Yes | 142 (26.6) | 109 (24.5) | 33 (37.1) | |
| Chronic conditions: | ||||
| No | 348 (65.3) | 305 (68.7) | 43 (48.3) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 185 (34.7) | 139 (31.3) | 46 (51.7) | |
Distribution of number and perceived reasons for barriers to accessing primary health care services among study participants, by ethnicity (N = 533)_
| Upper panel: distribution of reasons for perceived barriers | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Reason (type of barrier) | Ethnicity | ||
| Albanian (N = 444) | Other ethnicities (N = 89)a | Pc | |
| Cost | 121 (27.3)b | 20 (22.5) | 0.430 |
| Long waiting time | 105 (23.6) | 15 (16.9) | 0.210 |
| Distance | 81 (18.2) | 23 (25.8) | 0.108 |
| Poor service quality | 75 (16.9) | 14 (15.7) | 0.877 |
| Lack of information | 68 (15.3) | 13 (14.6) | 0.998 |
| Transportation | 55 (12.4) | 5 (5.6) | 0.068 |
| Lack of trust | 44 (9.9) | 1 (1.1) | 0.003 |
| Cultural barriers | 4 (0.9) | 30 (33.7) | < 0.001 |
| Health reasons | 24 (5.4) | 5 (5.6) | 0.998 |
| Language barriers | 5 (1.1) | 23 (25.8) | < 0.001 |
| Don't know where to go | 13 (2.9) | 1 (1.1) | 0.483 |
| Stigma | 8 (1.8) | 1 (1.1) | 0.999 |
| Other barriersd | 102 (23.0) | 6 (6.7) | < 0.001 |
| Unspecified barriers | 10 (2.3) | 7 (7.9) | 0.013 |