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Psychometric Validation of the Ultrashort Slovenian (OHIP-SVN5) and Croatian (OHIP-CRO5) Oral Health Impact Profile Questionnaires Cover

Psychometric Validation of the Ultrashort Slovenian (OHIP-SVN5) and Croatian (OHIP-CRO5) Oral Health Impact Profile Questionnaires

Slovenian Journal of Public Health
Volume 64 (2025): Issue 3 (September 2025)
By: ,  ,   and    
Open Access
|Sep 2025
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Age, gender and research purpose of the respondents answering five questions of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-5).

Samplen (% female)Mean age (standard deviation)Age range (years)Research purpose
General population SVN†400 (72.8)53.8 (9.7)28–70Internal consistency, EFA, Concurrent validity, Known group validity
General population CRO*223 (65.5)59.96 (14.6)28–82Internal consistency, EFA, Concurrent validity, Known group validity
Students SVN§38 (68.4)22.6 (1.7)20–26Test-retest reliability
Students CRO‡30 (70.0)22.0 (1.4)19–25Test-retest reliability
Patients with treatment needs SVN#30 (54.0)50.8 (14.2)18–70Responsiveness (sensitivity to change)
Patients with treatment needs CRO‡30 (65.0)65.5 (10.4)37–81Responsiveness (sensitivity to change)

Legend:

EFA - exploratory factor analysis

† Educational and research institutions in Ljubljana, Slovenia

* People in the general practice doctor’s waiting room who came for a referral, examination, or due to sick leave for themselves or somebody else

§ University of Ljubljana, Medical Faculty, Department of Prosthodontics, Slovenia.

‡ University of Zagreb, School of Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, Croatia.

# University Medical Center of Ljubljana, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Slovenia.

Table 2.

Means, standard deviations and Cronbach’s alpha when the item was deleted from the OHIP-SVN5 and OHIP-CRO5 questionnaires.

OHIP-5 itemOHIP-SVN5OHIP-CRO5
MeanStandard deviationCronbach’s alpha if the item is deletedMeanStandard deviationCronbach’s alpha if the item is deleted
Difficulty chewing0.971.100.690.871.040.60
Painful aching0.670.850.740.410.760.67
Uncomfortable with appearance0.701.080.710.821.030.70
Less flavour in food0.240.640.730.250.530.64
Difficulty doing usual jobs0.180.560.740.170.490.68
Table 3.

Inter-item correlation matrix of the OHIP-SVN5 and the OHIP-CRO5.

OHIP-SVN5 Inter-item Correlation MatrixDifficulty chewingPainful achingUncomfortable with appearanceLess flavour in foodDifficulty doing usual jobs
Difficulty chewing1.000
Painful aching0.4641.000
Uncomfortable with appearance0.5360.3611.000
Less flavour in food0.4470.2800.4281.000
Difficulty doing usual jobs0.4090.3560.3880.5561.000
OHIP-CRO5 Inter-item Correlation Matrix
Difficulty chewing1.000
Painful aching0.4241.000
Uncomfortable about appearance0.4120.2311.000
Less flavour in food0.4690.3390.3511.000
Difficulty doing usual jobs0.3690.3150.2400.5161.000
Figure 1.

Scree-plots of the OHIP-SVN5 and OHIP-CRO5.

Table 4.

Factor loadings of one dimension of the OHIP-5 questionnaire.

ItemOHIP-SVN5OHIP-CRO5
One component
Difficulty chewing0.7870.774
Painful aching0.6510.642
Uncomfortable about appearance0.7440.611
Less flavour in food0.7440.780
Difficulty doing usual jobs0.7400.699

[i] Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. One component extracted.

Table 5.

Test-retest reliability measured by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of the Slovenian and Croatian versions of the 5-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-SVN5 and OHIP-CRO5).

OHIP-SVN5: Students (n=38)ICCMean difference (standard deviation)95% confidence intervalP
Difficulty chewing0.74−0.03 (0.43)−0.169 – 0.120.711 N.S.
Painful aching0.650.105 (0.61)−0.093 – 0.300.291 N.S.
Uncomfortable about appearance0.820.105 (0.45)−0.043 – 0.250.160 N.S.
Less flavour in foodN.C.0 (0)N.C.N.C.
Difficulty doing usual jobs0.70−0.026 (0.60)−.080 – 0.030.324 N.S.
Summary score0.820.157 (0.89)−0.133 – 0.450.279 N.S.
OHIP-CRO5 Students (n=30)ICCMean difference (standard deviation)95% confidence intervalP
Difficulty chewing0.840.033 (0.32)−0.086 – 0.1530.537 N.S.
Painful aching0.700.033 (0.18)−0.035 – 0.100.326 N.S.
Uncomfortable about appearance0.760.067 (0.37)−0.070 – 0.200.326 N.S.
Less flavour in food0.700.033 (0.18)−0.035 – 0.100.326 N.S.
Difficulty doing usual jobs0.700.033 (0.18)−0.035 – 0.100.326 N.S.
Summary score0.700.20 (0.664)−0-048 – 0.450.110 N.S.

[i] Legend:

[ii] ICC=Intraclass correlation coefficient

[iii] p=p-value

[iv] N.S.=p>0.05

[v] N.C.=not computed because the standard error of the difference was 0

Table 6.

Concurrent validity of the Slovenian and Croatian OHIP-5 Questionnaires.

General population SVN (n=400)
Self-reported oral healthnOHIP-5 summary scoreSpearman’s rho
excellent510.69 (1.16)0.601**
good2241.86 (2.06)
fair944.33 (3.38)
poor317.77 (3.81)
Self-reported oral aestheticsnOHIP-5 summary scoreSpearman’s rho
excellent521.12 (1.71)0.510**
good2131.83 (2.12)
fair1063.99 (3.17)
poor297.90 (4.29)
General population CRO (n=223)
Self-reported oral healthnOHIP-5 summary scoreSpearman’s rho
excellent850.31 (0.64)0.892**
very good481.93 (1.11)
good534.36 (1.06)
fair236.61 (2.27)
poor410.25 (0.96)

Legend:

** p<0.01

Table 7.

Known-groups validity, assessed by the Mann-Whitney U test.

OHIP-SVN5Denture (Fixed and Removable)NMeanStandard DeviationZP
Difficulty chewingno3040.740.93−7.020<0.001**
yes961.701.24
Painful achingno3040.570.79−4.174<0.001**
yes960.980.94
Uncomfortable about appearanceno3040.530.93−4.910<0.001**
yes961.231.34
Less flavour in foodno3040.140.49−5.262<0.001**
yes960.540.92
Difficulty doing usual jobsno3040.120.46−3.214<0.001**
yes960.340.80
OHIP-SVN5no3042.102.56−7.080<0.001**
summary scoreyes964.803.86
OHIP-CRO5Removable dentureNMeanStandard DeviationZP
Difficulty chewingno1280.300.57−10.031<0.001**
yes951.651.03
Painful achingno1280.200.55−4.754<0.001**
yes950.680.90
Uncomfortable about appearanceno1280.540.79−4.534<0.001**
yes951.201.18
Less flavour in foodno1280.070.31−6.153<0.001**
yes950.480.67
Difficulty doing usual jobsno1280.050.29−4.476<0.001**
yes950.320.64
OHIP-CRO5no1281.171.67−9.103<0.001**
summary scoreyes954.342.84

Legend:

** p<0.01

Table 8.

Sensitivity to change (responsiveness) of the OHIP-SVN5 (N=30) and OHIP-CRO5 (N=30), pre- versus post-treatment.

Pre-treatment x±SDPost-treatment x±SDMean difference x±SDZPEffect size
OHIP-SVN5
Difficulty chewing2.33±0.961.87±0.820.47±0.68−2.640.008**0.48
Painful aching2.70±1.021.90±0.710.80±0.99−3.670.001**0.78
Uncomfortable about appearance1.90±0.841.96±0.980.06±0.69−0.580.564 N.S.0.07
Less flavour in food1.43±0.731.23±0.500.20±0.55−1.900.056 N.S.0.28
Difficulty doing usual jobs1.47±0.631.20±0.410.27±0.58−2.310.021*0.43
Summary score9.83±2.298.03±1.731.80±1.40−4.53<0.001**0.79
OHIP-CRO5
Difficulty chewing2.67±1.231.57±1.331.10±1.44−3.350.001**0.89
Painful aching0.53±1.040.17±0.380.37±0.89−2.310.021*0.35
Uncomfortable about appearance2.60±1.400.87±1.171.73±1.55−4.10<0.001**1.24
Less flavour in food0.80±1.190.40±0.890.40±0.81−2.440.015*0.34
Difficulty doing usual jobs0.77±1.100.20±0.610.57±0.94−2.850.004**0.52
Summary score7.37±4.063.20±3.284.17±0.74−4.25<0.001**1.03

Legend:

* p<0.05;

** p<0.01; N.S. p>0.05

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2025-0022 | Journal eISSN: 1854-2476 | Journal ISSN: 0351-0026
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English, Slovenian
Page range: 167 - 177
Submitted on: May 19, 2025
Accepted on: Jul 25, 2025
Published on: Sep 1, 2025
Published by: National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
Oral health,
Quality of life,
Questionnaire,
Validity,
Reliability,
Slovenia,
Croatia
Related subjects:
Medicine,
Clinical medicine,
Hygiene and environmental medicine

© 2025 Ksenija Rener-Sitar, Asja Čelebić, Miha Križaj, Nikola Petričević, published by National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

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