Table 1.
Distribution of selected nutritional habits by sociodemographic characteristics in a nationwide sample of Albanian schoolchildren, HBSC 2022.
| Sociodemographic characteristics | Daily consumption | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breakfast | Fruit | Vegetables | Sweets | Sugary soft drinks | |
| Total sample (n=5454) | 2461 (48.2)a | 3174 (58.8) | 2549 (47.3) | 1911 (35.5) | 1582 (29.4) |
| Gender: | |||||
| Boys (n=2610) | 1265 (52.1) | 1434 (55.7) | 1072 (41.9) | 791 (30.9) | 766 (29.9) |
| Girls (n=2844) | 1196 (44.7) | 1740 (61.5) | 1477 (52.3) | 1120 (39.7) | 816 (28.9) |
| Age: | |||||
| 11 years (n=1784) | 1023 (62.2) | 1145 (64.7) | 946 (53.5) | 495 (28.1) | 409 (23.2) |
| 13 years (n=1785) | 754 (45.6) | 1004 (57.0) | 759 (43.3) | 631 (35.9) | 524 (29.9) |
| 15 years (n=1877) | 681 (37.9) | 1021 (54.8) | 841 (45.3) | 782 (42.1) | 647 (34.8) |
| Residence: | |||||
| Urban areas (n=3648) | 1676 (48.8) | 2125 (58.7) | 1701 (47.2) | 1253 (34.8) | 1007 (27.9) |
| Rural areas (n=1806) | 785 (46.9) | 1049 (58.9) | 848 (47.6) | 658 (36.9) | 575 (32.3) |
| Father’s employment: | |||||
| Yes (n=4928) | 2260 (49.0) | 2897 (59.3) | 2327 (47.8) | 1697 (34.8) | 1424 (29.2) |
| No (n=479) | 190 (42.0) | 248 (52.2) | 204 (43.3) | 193 (40.8) | 142 (30.1) |
| Mother’s employment: | |||||
| Yes (n=3676) | 1701 (49.3) | 2164 (59.4) | 1710 (47.1) | 1259 (34.6) | 1033 (28.4) |
| No (n=1710) | 734 (45.9) | 975 (57.6) | 814 (48.3) | 623 (36.9) | 528 (31.3) |
| Family affluence: | |||||
| Less affluent (n=2600) | 1113 (45.8) | 1434 (55.5) | 1179 (45.9) | 898 (34.9) | 747 (29.1) |
| More affluent (n=2715) | 1290 (50.4) | 1657 (61.7) | 1303 (48.6) | 962 (35.9) | 798 (29.8) |
a Absolute numbers and their respective percentages (in parentheses). For nutritional habits, there were the following missing values: breakfast consumption (n=349), fruit consumption (n=53), vegetable consumption (n=70), consumption of sweets (n=68), and consumption of sugary soft drinks (n=70). In addition, there were the following missing values for sociodemographic factors: age of schoolchildren (n=8), father’s employment status (n=47); mother’s employment status (n=68); and family affluence score (n=139).
Table 2.
Associations of nutritional habits with sociodemographic characteristics of schoolchildren; results from unadjusted binary logistic regression models.
| Daily consumption | Demographic variables | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Age 11 b | Urban areas | ||||
| OR (95%CI)a | Pa | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | |
| Breakfast | 1.35 (1.21–1.51) | <0.001 | 2.70 (2.35–3.09) | <0.001 | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 0.199 |
| Nagelkerke R2 | 0.01 | 0.05 | <0.01 | |||
| Area under the curve (AUC) | 54% | 60% | 51% | |||
| Fruit | 0.79 (0.71–0.88) | <0.001 | 1.51 (1.32–1.73) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.89–1.12) | 0.917 |
| Nagelkerke R2 | 0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 | |||
| AUC | 47% | 54% | 50% | |||
| Vegetables | 0.66 (0.59–0.73) | <0.001 | 1.39 (1.22–1.59) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.88–1.10) | 0.759 |
| Nagelkerke R2 | 0.02 | 0.01 | <0.01 | |||
| AUC | 45% | 55% | 50% | |||
| Sweets | 0.68 (0.61–0.76) | <0.001 | 0.54 (0.47–0.62) | <0.001 | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) | 0.114 |
| Nagelkerke R2 | 0.01 | 0.02 | <0.01 | |||
| AUC | 46% | 45% | 49% | |||
| Sugary soft drinks | 1.05 (0.93–1.18) | <0.001 | 0.57 (0.49–0.65) | <0.001 | 0.81 (0.72–0.92) | <0.001 |
| Nagelkerke R2 | <0.01 | 0.02 | <0.01 | |||
| AUC | 51% | 45% | 48% | |||
| Daily consumption | Socioeconomic variables | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Father employed | Mother employed | More affluent | ||||
| OR (95%CI)a | Pa | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | |
| Breakfast | 1.32 (1.09–1.61) | 0.005 | 1.15 (1.02–1.29) | 0.024 | 1.21 (1.08–1.35) | 0.001 |
| Nagelkerke R2 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||
| Area under the curve (AUC) | 54% | 52% | 52% | |||
| Fruit | 1.34 (1.11–1.61) | 0.003 | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 0.210 | 1.29 (1.16–1.44) | <0.001 |
| Nagelkerke R2 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.01 | |||
| AUC | 54% | 51% | 53% | |||
| Vegetables | 1.20 (0.99–1.45) | 0.064 | 0.95 (0.85–1.07) | 0.416 | 1.12 (1.00–1.24) | 0.047 |
| Nagelkerke R2 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||
| AUC | 52% | 49% | 51% | |||
| Sweets | 0.78 (0.64–0.94) | 0.010 | 0.91 (0.80–1.02) | 0.112 | 1.04 (0.93–1.17) | 0.463 |
| Nagelkerke R2 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||
| AUC | 47% | 49% | 51% | |||
| Sugary soft drinks | 0.96 (0.78–1.18) | 0.700 | 0.87 (0.77–0.99) | 0.030 | 1.03 (0.92–1.17) | 0.578 |
| Nagelkerke R2 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||
| AUC | 50% | 49% | 50% | |||
a Odds ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals (in parentheses), as well as p-values from crude (unadjusted) binary logistic regression models. Reference groups for nutritional habits were as follows: “non-daily” (0–4 days) for breakfast consumption during weekdays, and “non-daily” (≤5–6/week) for the other dietary practices.
Table 3.
Independent associations of sociodemographic factors with nutritional habits; results from multivariable-adjusted binary logistic regression models.
| Daily consumption | Demographic variables | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Age 11 b | Urban areas | ||||
| OR (95%CI)a | Pa | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | |
| Breakfast | 1.30 (1.16–1.46) | <0.001 | 2.73 (2.37–3.15) | <0.001 | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | 0.229 |
| Fruit | 0.76 (0.68–0.85) | <0.001 | 1.52 (1.33–1.75) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.87–1.11) | 0.809 |
| Vegetables | 0.65 (0.58–0.72) | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.22–1.60) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.89–1.12) | 0.974 |
| Sweets | 0.68 (0.61–0.77) | <0.001 | 0.54 (0.47–0.62) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) | 0.086 |
| Sugary soft drinks | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | 0.228 | 0.55 (0.48–0.64) | <0.001 | 0.79 (0.70–0.90) | <0.001 |
| Daily consumption | Socioeconomic variables | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Father employed | Mother employed | More affluent | ||||
| OR (95%CI)a | Pa | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | |
| Breakfast | 1.18 (0.96–1.45) | 0.116 | 1.11 (0.98–1.25) | 0.113 | 1.21 (1.08–1.36) | 0.002 |
| Fruit | 1.21 (0.99–1.47) | 0.062 | 1.06 (0.94–1.19) | 0.379 | 1.33 (1.18–1.49) | <0.001 |
| Vegetables | 1.16 (0.95–1.42) | 0.141 | 0.95 (0.85–1.08) | 0.437 | 1.16 (1.04–1.30) | 0.009 |
| Sweets | 0.82 (0.67–1.01) | 0.056 | 0.93 (0.82–1.05) | 0.237 | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) | 0.258 |
| Sugary soft drinks | 1.02 (0.83–1.27) | 0.834 | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) | 0.078 | 1.03 (0.91–1.17) | 0.601 |
a Odds ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals (in parentheses), as well as p-values from crude (unadjusted) binary logistic regression models. Reference groups for nutritional habits were as follows: “non-daily” (0–4 days) for breakfast consumption during weekdays, and “non-daily” (≤5–6/week) for the other dietary practices.