Supplementary Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Comparison of the outcome (fall risk) and demographic characteristics between the subsample used in the multivariate model for fall risk (n=1,474) and the subsample that was omitted from the model on the account of missing values for the covariates in the model (n=471)_ Note that there were no missing values regarding the outcome or demographic characteristics_
| Characteristic | Subsample used in the model (n=1,474) | Subsample omitted from the model (n=471) |
|---|---|---|
| Increased fall risk, n (%) | 382 (25.9) | 100 (21.2) |
| Gender: female, n (%) | 941 (63.8) | 289 (61.4) |
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 62.7 (41.6 - 77.6) | 60.4 (43.3 - 74.2) |
Multivariate logistic model for fall risk - interpretable coefficients: sample size n=1474 with 382 (25_9%) with increased fall risk, AUC=0_938 (bias-corrected 0_930), pseudo R2=64_0% (bias-corrected 61_0%), calibration curve based on the out-of-bag samples with intercept -0_048 and slope 0_917, likelihood ratio test p<0_001_
| Variable | OR | 95% CI | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | <0.001 | ||
| Nonlinear | 0.157 | ||
| Gender (female vs. male) | 1.08 | [0.74, 1.59] | 0.672 |
| Body mass index | 0.096 | ||
| Underweight vs. normal | 0.70 | [0.27, 1.81] | 0.472 |
| Overweight vs. normal | 0.84 | [0.54, 1.29] | 0.423 |
| Obese vs. normal | 1.43 | [0.90, 2.28] | 0.133 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 0.047 | ||
| Nonlinear | 0.019 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure | 0.740 | ||
| Nonlinear | 0.611 | ||
| Poor family function | 1.87 | [1.12, 3.11] | 0.016 |
| Increased risk of malnutrition | 2.09 | [1.17, 3.73] | 0.013 |
| Chronic diseases | 0.027 | ||
| 1 disease vs. no disease | 1.33 | [0.82, 2.15] | 0.251 |
| 2 diseases vs. no disease | 1.83 | [1.09, 3.09] | 0.023 |
| 3 or more diseases vs. no disease | 2.25 | [1.26, 4.05] | 0.006 |
| Pain intensity | <0.001 | ||
| Nonlinear | 0.429 | ||
| Self-assessment of current health | 0.002 | ||
| Nonlinear | 0.001 | ||
| Feelings of loneliness | 0.108 | ||
| Nonlinear | 0.037 | ||
| Dependence in daily activities with transformation log2 | 16.22† | [9.04, 30.83] | <0.001 |
Multivariate logistic model for fall risk - all coefficients: sample size n=1,474 with 382 (25_9%) with increased fall risk, AUC=0_938 (bias-corrected 0_930), pseudo R2=64_0% (bias-corrected 61_0%), calibration curve based on the out-of-bag samples with intercept -0_048 and slope 0_917, likelihood ratio test p<0_001_
| Variable | OR | 95% CI | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | <0.001 | ||
| Linear term | 1.12 | [1.02, 1.26] | 0.027 |
| Nonlinear term 1 | 0.85 | [0.65, 1.07] | 0.177 |
| Nonlinear term 2 | 1.63 | [0.89, 3.12] | 0.123 |
| Gender (female vs. male) | 1.08 | [0.74, 1.59] | 0.672 |
| Body mass index | 0.096 | ||
| Underweight vs. normal | 0.70 | [0.27, 1.81] | 0.472 |
| Overweight vs. normal | 0.84 | [0.54, 1.29] | 0.423 |
| Obese vs. normal | 1.43 | [0.90, 2.28] | 0.133 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 0.047 | ||
| Linear term | 0.95 | [0.90, 1.01] | 0.096 |
| Nonlinear term 1 | 1.08 | [0.90, 1.30] | 0.386 |
| Nonlinear term 2 | 0.86 | [0.43, 1.74] | 0.673 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 0.740 | ||
| Linear term | 1.02 | [0.95, 1.09] | 0.607 |
| Nonlinear term 1 | 1.00 | [0.81, 1.22] | 0.985 |
| Nonlinear term 2 | 0.95 | [0.54, 1.69] | 0.861 |
| Poor family function | 1.87 | [1.12, 3.11] | 0.016 |
| Increased risk of malnutrition | 2.09 | [1.17, 3.73] | 0.013 |
| Chronic diseases | 0.027 | ||
| 1 disease vs. no disease | 1.33 | [0.82, 2.15] | 0.251 |
| 2 diseases vs. no disease | 1.83 | [1.09, 3.09] | 0.023 |
| 3 or more diseases vs. no disease | 2.25 | [1.26, 4.05] | 0.006 |
| Pain intensity | <0.001 | ||
| Linear term | 1.12 | [0.83, 1.51] | 0.448 |
| Nonlinear term 1 | 1.43 | [0.59, 3.51] | 0.429 |
| Self-assessment of current health | 0.002 | ||
| Linear term | 1.16 | [0.88, 1.54] | 0.300 |
| Nonlinear term 1 | 0.87 | [0.51, 1.50] | 0.619 |
| Nonlinear term 2 | 0.10 | [0.00, 4.35] | 0.241 |
| Feelings of loneliness | 0.108 | ||
| Linear term | 0.74 | [0.56, 0.98] | 0.036 |
| Nonlinear term 1 | 2.89 | [1.08, 7.89] | 0.037 |
| Dependence in daily activities with transformation log2 | 16.22† | [9.04, 30.83] | <0.001 |
Increased fall risk according to the demographic, clinical, and psychosocial characteristics of the participants (categorical variables)_
| Characteristic (n=number of non-missing values) | All participants n (%) | Participants with increased fall risk n (%) | Participants without increased fall risk n (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender: | Female | 1,230 (63.2) | 324 (26.3) | 906 (73.7) |
| Male | 715 (36.8) | 158 (22.1) | 557 (77.9) | |
| Body mass index: | Underweight | 116 (6.1) | 34 (29.3) | 82 (70.7) |
| Normal | 687 (35.9) | 158 (23.0) | 529 (77.0) | |
| Overweight | 678 (35.4) | 154 (22.7) | 524 (77.3) | |
| Obese | 435 (22.7) | 124 (28.5) | 311 (71.5) | |
| Family function: | Poor | 232 (12.0) | 104 (44.8) | 128 (55.2) |
| Good | 1,699 (88.0) | 373 (22.0) | 1,326 (78.0) | |
| Increased risk of malnutrition: | Yes | 211 (13.4) | 84 (39.8) | 127 (60.2) |
| No | 1,366 (86.6) | 345 (25.3) | 1,021 (74.7) | |
| Chronic diseases: | No diseases | 1,054 (54.9) | 92 (8.7) | 962 (91.3) |
| 1 disease | 421 (21.9) | 140 (33.3) | 281 (66.7) | |
| 2 diseases | 261 (13.6) | 123 (47.1) | 138 (52.9) | |
| 3 or more diseases | 185 (9.6) | 117 (63.2) | 68 (36.8) | |
| Cardiovascular disease: | Yes | 247 (12.7) | 162 (65.6) | 85 (34.4) |
| No | 1,692 (87.3) | 318 (18.8) | 1,374 (81.2) | |
| Diabetes: | Yes | 208 (10.7) | 94 (45.2) | 114 (54.8) |
| No | 1,735 (89.3) | 387 (22.3) | 1,348 (77.7) | |
| Hypertension: | Yes | 621 (32.0) | 289 (46.5) | 332 (53.5) |
| No | 1,321 (68.0) | 192 (14.5) | 1,129 (85.5) | |
| COPD: | Yes | 49 (2.5) | 28 (57.1) | 21 (42.9) |
| No | 1,894 (97.5) | 453 (23.9) | 1,441 (76.1) | |
| Asthma: | Yes | 55 (2.8) | 28 (50.9) | 27 (49.1) |
| No | 1,888 (97.2) | 453 (24.0) | 1,435 (76.0) | |
| Depression: | Yes | 82 (4.2) | 38 (46.3) | 44 (53.7) |
| No | 1,861 (95.8) | 443 (23.8) | 1,418 (76.2) | |
| Osteoporosis: | Yes | 89 (4.6) | 54 (60.7) | 35 (39.3) |
| No | 1,853 (95.4) | 426 (23.0) | 1,427 (77.0) | |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia: | Yes | 30 (1.6) | 13 (43.3) | 17 (56.7) |
| No | 1,900 (98.4) | 462 (24.3) | 1,438 (75.7) | |
| Obesity: | Yes | 110 (5.7) | 38 (34.5) | 72 (65.5) |
| No | 1,833 (94.3) | 443 (24.2) | 1,390 (75.8) | |
| Colon cancer: | Yes | 17 (0.9) | 7 (41.2) | 10 (58.8) |
| No | 1,926 (99.1) | 474 (24.6) | 1,452 (75.4) | |
| Breast cancer: | Yes | 24 (1.2) | 8 (33.3) | 16 (66.7) |
| No | 1,918 (98.8) | 473 (24.7) | 1,445 (75.3) | |
| Neurological diseases (excl. dementia): | Yes | 20 (1.0) | 16 (80.0) | 4 (20.0) |
| No | 1,925 (99.0) | 466 (24.2) | 1,459 (75.8) | |
| Dementia: | Yes | 23 (1.2) | 22 (95.7) | 1 (4.3) |
| No | 1,922 (98.8) | 460 (23.9) | 1,462 (76.1) |
Increased fall risk according to the demographic, clinical, and psychosocial characteristics of the participants (numerical variables)_
| Characteristic (n=number of non-missing values) | All participants Median (IQR) | Participants with increased fall risk Median (IQR) | Participants without increased fall risk Median (IQR) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.8 | 80.5 | 54.3 |
| (42.1, 76.5) | (69.4, 87.2) | (38.6, 67.8) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130 | 130 | 125 |
| (120, 140) | (120, 141.5) | (115, 136.2) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75 | 75 | 75 |
| (70, 80) | (70, 80) | (70, 80) | |
| Pain intensity (scale 1-10) | 1 | 3 | 1 |
| (1, 3) | (2, 5) | (1, 2) | |
| Self-assessment of current health (scale 1-10) | 8 | 5 | 8 |
| (5, 9) | (4, 7) | (6, 9) | |
| Feeling of loneliness (scale 1-10) | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| (1, 3) | (1, 5) | (1, 2) | |
| Dependence in daily activities (scale 1-4 in steps of 0.125) | 1 | 1.2 | 1 |
| (1, 1) | (1.1, 1.8) | (1, 1) |
Sensitivity analysis - Multivariate logistic model for fall risk without covariate dependence in daily activities, showing only interpretable coefficients: sample size n=1,474 with 382 (25_9%) with increased fall risk, AUC=0_910 (bias-corrected 0_900), pseudo R2=57_0% (bias-corrected 53_9%), calibration curve based on the out-of-bag samples with intercept -0_036 and slope 0_922, likelihood ratio test p<0_001_
| Variable | OR | 95% CI | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | <0.001 | ||
| Nonlinear | 0.001 | ||
| Gender (female vs. male) | 0.84 | [0.59, 1.18] | 0.312 |
| Body mass index | 0.117 | ||
| Underweight vs. normal | 1.22 | [0.52, 2.82] | 0.642 |
| Overweight vs. normal | 0.75 | [0.50, 1.12] | 0.158 |
| Obese vs. normal | 1.23 | [0.80, 1.89] | 0.337 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 0.058 | ||
| Nonlinear | 0.033 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure | 0.575 | ||
| Nonlinear | 0.606 | ||
| Poor family function | 1.87 | [1.18, 2.96] | 0.008 |
| Increased risk of malnutrition | 1.86 | [1.11, 3.11] | 0.018 |
| Chronic diseases | <0.001 | ||
| 1 disease vs. no disease | 1.59 | [1.02, 2.47] | 0.040 |
| 2 diseases vs. no disease | 2.29 | [1.42, 3.72] | 0.001 |
| 3 or more diseases vs. no disease | 3.79 | [2.25, 6.46] | <0.001 |
| Pain intensity | <0.001 | ||
| Nonlinear | 0.572 | ||
| Self-assessment of current health | <0.001 | ||
| Nonlinear | 0.003 | ||
| Feelings of loneliness | 0.596 | ||
| Nonlinear | 0.310 |