Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Annual costs of 10 μg vitamin D/d/person_
| Variables | Cost per 10 μg (EUR) | Annual costs of 10 μg vitamin D/d/person (EUR) |
|---|---|---|
| Supplementation with physician-prescribed vitamin D drugs* | 0.016911 | 6.17 |
| Vitamin D food supplements** | 0.017440 | 6.37 |
| Egg biofortification with vitamin D*** | 0.000342 | 0.12 |
| Direct food (milk) fortification with vitamin D3*** | 0.000240 | 0.09 |
Fortification model input data_
| Cholecalciferol | 25(OH)D3 | Vitamin D efficacy* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| μg/1 egg | μg/1 egg | μg (IU)/1 egg | ||
| No fortification | Unenriched egg | 1.07 | 0.27 | 2.4 (80 IU) |
| Model 1 | Enriched eggs** | 5.18 | 1.35 | 11.98 (479 IU) |
| Model 2 | Enriched eggs** | 5.18 | 1.35 | 11.98 (479 IU) |
| Enriched milk and yoghurt | 3 μg/100 mL | 3.00 μg (120 IU)/100 mL |
Population characteristics, vitamin D status, supplementation and food intake in healthy women from the Central Slovenian region aged between 44 and 65, carried out between 1_ March and 31_ May 2021 (n=176)_
| Variables | Category/ Unit | All participants n=176 | Users of supplements n=108 | Non-users of supplements N=68 | p– value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | year | 53.83±4.99 | 54.25±4.83 | 53.14±5.17 | 0.150 |
| BMI | kg/m2 | 25.74±4.36 | 25.47±4.18 | 26.14±4.63 | 0.322 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 51.70% | 54.63% | 47.06% | ||
| 25.0–29.9 | 32.39% | 31.48% | 33.82% | ||
| 30.0–34.9 | 10.80% | 8.33% | 14.71% | ||
| 35.0–39.9 | 4.55% | 4.63% | 4.41% | ||
| | over 40.0 | 0.57% | 0.93% | 0.00% | |
| LABORATORY ANALYSIS 25(OH)D | nmol/L | 66.42±27.35 | 76.24±27.06 | 50.82±19.55 | 0.000 |
| <30 | 8.52% | 3.70% | 16.18% | ||
| 30–50 | 15.91% | 6.48% | 30.88% | ||
| 50–75 | 43.18% | 44.44% | 41.18% | ||
| | >75 | 32.39% | 45.37% | 11.76% | |
| Education | Primary and secondary school | 32.39% | 29.63% | 36.76% | |
| | Higher education | 67.61% | 70.37% | 63.24% | |
| MILK AND EGG INTAKE | | | | | 0.0400 |
| Milk and yoghurt intake (mL/d) | 134.58±160.46 | 154.26±171.29 | 103.33±137.03 | ||
| Milk consumers (≥200 mL /week) | 72.16% | 79.63% | 73.53% | 0.895 | |
| Egg intake (pcs/week | 3.17±2.44 | 3.19±2.52 | 3.14±2.34 | ||
| Egg consumers (≥1 egg/week) | | 88.6% | 86.1% | 92.7% | |
| VITAMIN D INTAKE AND SUPPLEMENTATION | | | | | 0.532 |
| Mean food intake (μg/d) | 2.19±1.34 | 2.24±1.41 | 2.11±1.22 | ||
| Supplement use (≥5 μg vitamin D /d) | 61.36% | 100% | 0.00% | ||
| Mean supplemental intake (μg/d) | 21.72±26.24 | 35.4±25.26 | 0±0.08 | 0.000 | |
| Mean intake of all sources (μg/d) | | 24.06±26.19 | 37.64±25.17 | 2.48±3.33 | 0.000 |
| FORTIFICATION MODEL | |||||
| Fortified Fortified | eggs Fortified | Fortified eggs | Fortified | Fortified eggs | |
| eggs and milk | eggs | and milk | eggs | and milk | |
| | (Model 1) (Model | 2) (Model 1) | (Model 2) | (Model 1) | (Model 2) |
| Mean vitamin D intake all sources (μg/d) | 29.49± 33.52± | 43.33± | 47.96± | 7.49± | 10.59± |
| 26.56 27.24 | 25.33 | 25.40 | 4.22 | 6.13 |